Abstract
Large-volume silicic eruptions in large igneous provinces are unique in the geological record because there are no observed analogues. Their facies architecture do not strictly follow the diagnostic features proposed in the literature for rheomorphic ignimbrites and lava flows. The models proposed for their emplacement depend on conditions such as high temperature (> 950 °C) and low viscosity (< 106 Pa s) coupled with unusually high effusion rates. Low-Ti dacitic lavas from the Paraná-Etendeka Large Igneous Province (LIP) have a wide variety of morphologies and lithofacies on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. A common facies association framework for the Caxias do Sul/Grootberg dacites (outcropping in Namibia and southern Brazil) include the presence of platy and thinly jointed facies with a columnar jointed massive core and an amygdaloidal upper facies, with an absence of basal breccia. In this work, we describe and interpret features observed in the basal portion of these silicic units, focusing on the thinly jointed facies. This basal facies includes what has been termed as “zebra-like banding.” Zebra-like banding is an apparent structure that originates from a fracture network which involves horizontal and long first-order fractures, oblique and short second-order fractures, oblique short to long third-order fractures, and intersection zones of fourth-order structures. First-order fractures are related to pure shear, the second- and third-order fractures are Riedel shears, and the fourth-order structures represent angular contacts between different sets containing first-, second-, and third-order fractures. The combination of first-, second-, and third-order fractures evolves to shear lenses. The zebra-banding” is caused by oxidation/reduction halos developing in the host rock during post-emplacement fluid circulation along the fractures, culminating in precipitation of silica polymorphs and zeolite. The fracture system, including all orders of fracture, formed during late to post emplacement stages, and accommodated pure and simple shear in a ductile–brittle basal zone during oscillations in effusion rate. Fracturing of the basal zone, rather than the formation of basal breccia, demonstrates stress accumulation in this part of the flow and helps to explain why the presence of basal breccia is not a diagnostic feature in distinguishing large-volume silicic lava flows from rheomorphic ignimbrites.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Befus KS, Manga M, Gardner JE, Williams M (2015) Ascent and emplacement dynamics of obsidian lavas inferred from microlite textures. Bull Volcanol 77:88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-015-0971-6
Besser ML, Vasconcellos EMG, Nardy AJR (2018) Morphology and stratigraphy of Serra Geral silicic lava flows in the northern segment of the Torres Trough. Paraná Igneous Province Braz J Geol 48(2):201–219. https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-4889201820180087
Blake S, Campbell IH (1986) The dynamics of magma-mixing during flow in volcanic conduits. Contrib Mineral Petrol 94:72–81. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00371228
Blake S, Wilson CJN, Smith IEM, Walker GPL (1992) Petrology and dynamics of the Waimihia mixed magma eruption, Taupo volcano, New Zealand. J Geol Soc London 149:193–207. https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.149.2.0193
Bonnichsen B, Kauffman DF (1987) Physical features of rhyolite lava flows in the Snake River plain volcanic province, southwestern Idaho. Geol Soc Am 212:119–145. https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE212-p119. (Special Publications)
Branney MJ, Bonnichsen B, Andrews GDM, Ellis B, Barry TL, McCurry M (2008) “Snake River (SR)-type” volcanism at the Yellowstone hotspot track: distinctive products from unusual, high-temperature silicic super-eruptions. Bull Volcanol 70(3):293–314. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-007-0140-7
Bristow JW, Cleverly FW (1979) Volcanology of the Lebombo Rhyolites. Geol Soc South Africa Geocongress 79:60–63
Browning J, Meredith P, Gudmundsson A (2016) Cooling-dominated cracking in thermally stressed volcanic rocks. Geoph Res Lett 43(16):8417–8425. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL070532
Bryan SE, Peate IU, Peate DW, Self S, Jerram DA, Mawby MR, Marsh JS, Miller JA (2010) The largest volcanic eruptions on Earth. Earth Sci Rev 102(3–4):207–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.07.001
Cañón-Tapia E, Raposo MIB (2018) Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility of silicic rocks from quarries in the vicinity of São Marcos, Rio Grande do Sul, South Brazil: Implications for emplacement mechanisms. J Volcanol Geoth Res 355:165–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2017.07.018
Cas RAF, Wright JV (1988) Volcanic Successions, Modern and Ancient: A Geological Approach to Processes, Products and Successions. Chapman and Hall, London, p 528. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3167-1
Castro J, Manga M, Cashman K (2002) Dynamics of obsidian flows inferred from microstructures: insights from microlite preferred orientations. Earth Planet Sci Lett 199:211–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00559-9
Dadd KA (1992) Structures within large volume rhyolite lava flows of the Devonian Comerong Volcanics, southeastern Australia, and the Pleistocene Ngongotaha lava dome, New Zealand. J Volcanol Geoth Res 54:33–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(92)90113-R
Finch RH (1933) Block lava. J Geol 41(7):769–770. https://doi.org/10.1086/624096
Fink JH, Manley CR (1987) Origin of pumiceus and glassy textures in rhyolite flows and domes. Geol Soc Am Spec Paper 212:77–88. https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE212-p77
Frank HT (2008) Gênese e Padrões de Distribuição de Minerais Secundários na Formação Serra Geral (Bacia do Paraná). Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Thesis
Garland FE, Hawkesworth CJ, Mantovani MSM (1995) Description and petrogenesis of the Paraná rhyolites. J Petrol 36:1193–1227. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/36.5.1193
Giordano D, Vona A, Gonzalez-Garcia D, Allabar A, Kolzenburg S, Polo L, Janasi VA, Behrens H, De Campos CP, Cristofaro S, Guimarães LF, Nowak M, Müller D, Günther A, Masotta M, Roverato M, Romano C, Dingwell DB (2021) Viscosity of Palmas-type magmas of the Paraná Magmatic Province (Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil): Implications for high-temperature silicic volcanism. Chem Geol 560:119981. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2020.119981
Gonnermann HM, Manga M (2005) Flow banding in obsidian: A record of evolving textural heterogeneity during magma deformation. Earth and Planet Sci Lett 236:135–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2005.04.031
Green JC, Fitz TJ (1989) Large rhyolites in the Keweenawan midcontinent rift plateau volcanics of Minnesota – lavas of rheoignimbrites. New Mex Bur Mines Min Res Bull 131:113
Guimarães LF, De Campos CP, Janasi VA, Lima EF, Dingwell DB (2018) Flow and fragmentation patterns in the silicic feeder system and related deposits in the Paraná-Etendeka Magmatic Province, São Marcos, South Brazil. J Volcanol Geoth Res 358:149–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2018.03.021
Harris AJL, Flynn LP, Matías O, Rosa WI (2002) The thermal stealth flows of Santiaguito: implications for the cooling and emplacement of dacitic block lava flows. Geol Soc Am Bull 114(5):533–546. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114%3c0533:TTSFOS%3e2.0.CO;2
Harris AJL, Rowland SK, Villeneuve N, Thordarson T (2017) Pahoehoe, ‘a’a, and block lava: an illustrated history of the nomenclature. Bull Volcanol 79:7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-016-1075-7
Harris AJL, Rowland SK (2009) Effusion rate controls on lava flow length and the role of heat loss: a review. In: Thordarson T, Self S, Larsen G, Rowland S, Hoskuldsson A (eds) Studies in Volcanology: The Legacy of George Walker. Special Publications of IAVCEI 2:33–51. https://doi.org/10.1144/IAVCEl002.3
Henry CD, Wolff JA (1992) Distinguishing strongly rheomorphic tuffs from extensive silicic lavas. Bull Volcanol 54:171–186. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00278387
Iezzi G, Ventura G (2005) The kinematics of lava flows inferred from the structural analysis of enclaves: a review. Geol Soc Am Spec Pap 396:15–28. https://doi.org/10.1130/2005.2396(02)
Latutrie B, Harris A, Médard E, Gurioli L (2017) Eruption and emplacement dynamics of thick trachytic lava flow of the Sancy volcano (France). Bull Volcanol 79:4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-016-1084-6
Lescinsky DT, Merle O (2005) Extensional and compressional strain in lava flows and the formation of fractures in surface crust. Geol Soc Am Spec Pap 396:163–179. https://doi.org/10.1130/2005.2396(11)
Luchetti ACF, Nardy AJR, Madeira J (2018) Silicic, high- to extremely high-grade ignimbrites and associated deposits from the Paraná Magmatic Province, southern Brazil. J Volcanol Geoth Res 335:270–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2017.11.010
Manley CR, Fink JH (1987) Internal textures of rhyolite flows as revealed by research drilling. Geology 15:549–552. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1987)15%3c549:ITORFA%3e2.0.CO;2
Marsh JS, Ewart A, Milner SC, Duncan AR, Miller RMCG (2001) The Etendeka Igneous Province: magma types and their stratigraphic distribution with implications for the evolution of the Paraná-Etendeka flood basalt province. Bull Volcanol 62:464–486. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004450000115
Merle O (1998) Internal strain within lava flows from analogue modelling. J Volcanol Geoth Res 81:189–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(98)00009-2
Miall AD (2000) Principles of sedimentary basin analysis, 3rd edn. Springer-Verlag Inc., New York, p 616. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4235-0
Milner SC (1988) The geology and geochemistry of the Etendeka Formation quartz latites. Thesis, University of Cape Town, Namibia
Milner SC, Duncan AR, Ewart A (1992) Quartz latite rheoignimbrite flow of the Etendeka Formation, North-Western Namibia. Bull Volcanol 54:200–219. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00278389
Milner SC, Duncan AR, Whittingham AM, Ewart A (1995) Trans-Atlantic correlation of eruptive sequences and individual silicic volcanic units within Paraná- Etendeka Igneous Province. J Volcanol Geoth Res 69:137–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(95)00040-2
Nardy AJR, Machado FB, Oliveira MAF (2008) As rochas vulcânicas mesozoicas ácidas da Bacia do Paraná: litoestratigrafia e considerações geoquímicas-estratigráficas. Rev Bras Geosci 38(1):178–195. https://doi.org/10.25249/0375-7536.2008381178195
Peate DW (1997) The Paraná-Etendeka province. In: Mahoney, J.J., Coffin, M.R. (Eds) Large Igneous Provinces: Continental, Oceanic and Planetary Flood Volcanism. Geoph Monog 100:217–245. https://doi.org/10.1029/GM100p0217
Perugini D, Poli G (2012) The mixing of magmas in plutonic and volcanic environments: Analogies and differences. Lithos 153:261–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2012.02.002
Polo LA, Janasi VA (2014) Volcanic stratigraphy of intermediate to silicic rocks in Southern Paraná Magmatic Province, Brazil. Geologia USP Série Científica 14:83–100. https://doi.org/10.5327/Z1519-874X201400020005
Polo LA, Giordano D, Janasi VA, Guimarães LF (2018) Effusive silicic volcanism in the Paraná Magmatic Province, South Brazil: physico-chemical conditions of storage and eruption and considerations on the rheological behavior during emplacement. J Volcanol Geoth Res 335:115–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2017.05.027
Richard PD, Naylor MA, Koopman A (1995) Experimental models of strike-slip tectonics. Pet Geosc 1:71–80. https://doi.org/10.1144/petgeo.1.1.71
Riedel W. (1929) Zur Mechanik geologischer Brucherscheinungen. Zentralblatt fur Mineralogie, Geologie und Paleontologie 1929B, pp. 354–368
Rocha BC, Davies JHFL, Janasi VA, Schaltegger U, Nardy AJR, Greber ND, Luchetti ACF, Polo LA (2020) Rapid eruption of silicic magmas from the Paraná magmatic province (Brazil) did not trigger the Valanginian event. Geology 48(12):1174–1178. https://doi.org/10.1130/G47766.1
Rossetti L, Lima EF, Waichel BL, Hole MJ, Simões MS, Scherer CMS (2018) Lithostratigraphy and volcanology of the Serra Geral Group, Paraná-Etendeka Igneous Province in Southern Brazil: Towards a formal stratigraphical framework. J Volcanol Geoth Res 355:98–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2017.05.008
Seaman SJ, Scherer EE, Standish JJ. (1995). Multistage magma mingling and the origin of flow banding in the Aliso lava dome, Tumacacori Mountains, southern Arizona, 100 B5, 8381–8398. https://doi.org/10.1029/94JB03260
Simões MS (2018) Litofácies, fábrica magnética e geoquímica de condutos alimentadores e lavas acidas do Grupo Serra Geral no nordeste do Rio Grande do Sul. Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Thesis
Simões MS, Rossetti LMM, Lima EF, Ribeiro BP (2014) The role of viscosity in the emplacement of high-temperature silicic flows of Serra Geral Formation in Torres Syncline (Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil). Braz J Geol 44(4):669–679. https://doi.org/10.5327/Z23174889201400040010
Simões MS, Lima EF, Sommer CA, Rossetti LMM (2018a) The Mato Perso Conduit System: evidence of silicic magma transport in the Paraná-Etendeka LIP. Braz J Geol 48(2):263–281. https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-4889201820170080
Simões MS, Lima EF, Sommer CA, Rossetti LMM (2018b) Structures and lithofacies of inferred silicic conduits in the Paraná-Etendeka LIP, southernmost Brazil. J Volcanol Geoth Res 355:319–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2017.12.013
Simões MS, Lima EF, Rossetti LMM, Sommer CA (2019) The low-Ti high-temperature dacitic volcanism of the southern Paraná-Etendeka LIP: geochemistry, implications for trans-Atlantic correlations and comparison with other Phanerozoic LIPs. Lithos 342–343:187–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2019.05.030
Smith JV (1996) Ductile-brittle transition structures in the basal shear zone of a rhyolite lava flow, eastern Australia. J Volcanol Geoth Res 72:217–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(96)00009-1
Stasiuk MC, Barclay J, Carroll MR, Jaupart C, Ratté JC, Sparks RSJ, Tait SR (1996) Degassing during magma ascent in the Mule Creek vent (USA). Bull Volcanol 58:117–130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004450050130
Umann LV, Lima EF, Sommer CA, De Liz JD (2001) Vulcanismo ácido da região de Cambará do Sul-RS: litoquímica e discussão sobre a origem dos depósitos. Rev Bras Geosci 31(3):357–364. https://doi.org/10.25249/0375-7536.2001313357364
Ventura G (2001) The strain path and emplacement mechanism of lava flows: an example from Salina (southern Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy). Earth & Planet Sci Lett 188:229–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00299-0
Walker GPL (1973) Lengths of lava flows. Phil Trans R Soc Lond 274:107–118. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1973.0030
Zheng H, Mao A, Chen W, Zhu D (2021) Fracture evolution in oil-rich rhyolitic lavas of the Hailar Basin, northeastern China. Mar Pet Geol 124:104811. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2020.104811
Acknowledgements
We are thankful to Dr. Marcelo. L. Vasquez for the analyses at the SEM-EDS lab from GSB-Belém. We also thank two anonymous reviewers and the editors, Drs. Natalia Pardo and Andrew Harris, who helped to improve the quality of the manuscript.
Funding
This work was funded by the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP), grant n° 2019/22084–8 and by the Geological Survey of Brazil (Ministry of Mines and Energy).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Editorial responsibility: N. Pardo
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Simões, M.S., Sommer, C.A., Lima, E.F. et al. Silicic lavas with no basal breccia: origin of the thinly jointed basal facies of low-Ti dacites in the Paraná-Etendeka Large Igneous Province. Bull Volcanol 85, 16 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-023-01631-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-023-01631-6