Abstract
Complex crystal cargo in basaltic eruptions has the potential to yield diverse insights on pre- and syn-eruptive timescales of magma storage and transport. Research on eruption products from the 1959 eruption from Kīlauea Iki Crater at Kīlauea volcano (Hawai‘i) demonstrates that time-series samples collected during an eruption can yield a wealth of information not accessible by studying the fall deposit alone. Major element zoning in olivine crystals illustrates four environments of magma storage that were variably mixed and progressively involved in the eruption. Diffusion timescales retrieved from crystals < 1 mm in size are typically much shorter than those from crystals > 1 mm, illustrating the additional complexity of information recorded by different grain sizes and olivine populations. The timescales can be divided into two groups: (1) t > 100 days reflect longer-term magma recharge into Kīlauea’s deep (8–10 km) reservoir system and (2) t < 100 days broadly correspond to a period of unrest and inflation beginning ~ 3 months prior to eruption. Some timescales reflect syn-eruptive processes, where diffusion began after the eruption onset. Progressive changes in zoning populations in the time-series scoriae samples illustrate how quickly diffusive re-equilibration can erase older magmatic histories and information and underscores that studies on fall deposits can lead to an incomplete record of magmatic processes. Thus, diffusion timescales from fall deposits alone should be cautiously interpreted with the caveat that they may be missing a substantial part of the total eruptive event and, therefore, the record of magmatic histories inferred from crystal cargo.
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Acknowledgements
The time-series samples critical to many important conclusions of this study exist thanks to the dedication of USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory scientists who collected the scoriae samples in real time during the 1959 eruption. These samples are held and curated by the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. KJL thanks Wendy Stovall for the helpful discussions about the Kīlauea Iki ejecta blanket and the Volcano Science Center Writing Group for support. The manuscript was greatly improved by reviews from Wendy Stovall and three anonymous reviewers. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
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Lynn, K.J., Helz, R.T. Magma storage and transport timescales for the 1959 Kīlauea Iki eruption and implications for diffusion chronometry studies using time-series samples versus tephra deposits. Bull Volcanol 85, 3 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-022-01618-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-022-01618-9