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Surface roughness characterization of the 2014–2015 Holuhraun lava flow-field in Iceland: implications for facies mapping and remote sensing

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Abstract

Surface roughness is a commonly used parameter for the quantitative analysis and characterization of geological terrains on Earth, as well as on other planetary bodies, particularly where detailed optical data may not be available. Here, we statistically investigate if surface roughness can be used to distinguish between different lava facies in remote sensing data by examining the entire 2014–2015 Holuhraun lava flow-field in Iceland. Root-mean-square (RMS) height deviation, Hurst exponents, and breakpoints were calculated to quantify the surface roughness characteristics of eight facies using stereo-derived topographic datasets at three different pixel scales, ranging from 0.05 to 0.5 m/pixel. We show that most of the investigated lava facies (rubbly, spiny, undifferentiated rubbly–spiny, shelly, pāhoehoe, and flat-lying–knobby) are indistinguishable by surface roughness down to the 5 cm baseline, with the exception of topography-building facies like the vent-proximal edifice and the exceptionally blocky channel interior facies. Additionally, we considered baselines corresponding to radar S-band (10 cm), L-band (20 cm), and P-band (90 cm). Our findings imply that when transitional lava types are considered in addition to traditional end-members, topographic roughness data, including RMS height deviation and Hurst exponent values alone, cannot be used to uniquely identify lava facies at these baselines.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the editor, Michael James, and three anonymous reviewers for their valuable reviews, which greatly improved the manuscript. The authors also thank the Goddard Instrument Field Team (GIFT) for partially supporting J.R.C.V.’s participation in the field campaigns during the summers of 2018 and 2019; Ulrich Münzer for providing the UltraCam-Xp data within the project Iceland subglacial Volcanoes interdisciplinary early warning system (IsViews), managed by the Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, and funded by the Bavarian Ministry of Economic Affairs and Media, Energy and Technology (ID 20-8-34102-15-2012); and the Vatnajökull National Park Service (Vatnajökulsþjóðgarður).

Funding

J.R.C.V. acknowledges the Geological Society of America (GSA) for supporting the field trip in 2016 with a Graduate Student Research Grant and the GSA Lipman Research Award, the Future Investigators in NASA Earth and Space Science and Technology (FINESST) program (Grant # NNH19ZDA001N-FINESST), and Jet Propulsion Laboratory’s Strategic University Research Partnership (SURP) program. C.W.H. acknowledges support from the NASA Planetary Science and Technology Through Analog Research (PSTAR) program (Grant # 80NSSC21K0011) and a Fulbright–National Science Foundation Arctic Scholarship administered by Fulbright–Iceland. S.P.S. acknowledges NASA award number 80GSFC21M0002.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, 1629 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA

    Joana R. C. Voigt & Christopher W. Hamilton

  2. Department of Geophysics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA

    Gregor Steinbrügge

  3. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA

    Stephen P. Scheidt

  4. The Planetary Geology, Geophysics and Geochemistry Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA

    Stephen P. Scheidt

  5. Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology, NASA/GSFC, Greenbelt, MD, USA

    Stephen P. Scheidt

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  1. Joana R. C. Voigt
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Correspondence to Joana R. C. Voigt.

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Voigt, J.R.C., Hamilton, C.W., Steinbrügge, G. et al. Surface roughness characterization of the 2014–2015 Holuhraun lava flow-field in Iceland: implications for facies mapping and remote sensing. Bull Volcanol 83, 82 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-021-01499-4

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