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A multi-decadal view of the heat and mass budget of a volcano in unrest: La Soufrière de Guadeloupe (French West Indies)

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Abstract

Particularly in the presence of a hydrothermal system, many volcanoes output large quantities of heat through the transport of water from deep within the edifice to the surface. Thus, heat flux is a prime tool for evaluating volcanic activity and unrest. We review the volcanic unrest at La Soufrière de Guadeloupe (French West Indies) using an airborne thermal camera survey and in situ measurements of temperature and flow rate through temperature probes, Pitot-tube and MultiGAS measurements. We deduce mass and heat fluxes for the fumarolic, ground and thermal spring outputs and follow these over a period spanning 2000–2020. Our results are compared with published data and we performed a retrospective analysis of the temporal variations in heat flux over this period using the literature data. We find that the heat emitted by the volcano is 36.5 ± 7.9MW, of which the fumarolic heat flux is dominant at 28.3 ± 6.8 MW. Given a total heated area of 26 270 m2, this equates to a total heat flux density of 1366 ± 82 W/m2, which is amongst the highest established for worldwide volcanoes with hydrothermal systems, particularly for dome volcanoes. A major change at La Soufrière de Guadeloupe, however, is the development of a widespread region of ground heating at the summit where heat output has increased from 0.2 ± 1 MW in 2010 to 5.7 ± 0.9 MW in 2020. This change is concurrent with accelerating unrest at the volcano and the emergence of two new high-flux fumaroles in recent years. Our findings highlight the importance of continued and enhanced surveillance and research strategies at La Soufrière de Guadeloupe, the results of which can be used to better understand hydrothermal volcanic systems the world over.

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Notes

  1. http://www.ipgp.fr/fr/ovsg/bulletins-mensuels-de-lovsg

  2. Observatoire Volcanologique et Simologique de la Guadeloupe

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the Assistant Editor, M. R. James and two anonymous authors for their constructive comments and suggestions; the OVSG-IPGP team for logistical support and help with data collection, Pierre Agrinier, and especially Gilbert Hammouya and Olivier Crispi for data collection before 2013; Pascal Allemand and IGN for DEMs and orthophotos; the Préfecture de Guadeloupe and the pilots of the Dragon 971 helicopter base in Guadeloupe (Sécurité Civile, Ministère de l’Intérieur) for providing helicopter support; the Parc National de Guadeloupe for assistance and authorisation of research and monitoring on La Soufrière.

Funding

IPGP, INSU-CNRS through the Service National d’Observation en Volcanologie (SNOV) and the Ministère pour la Transition Écologique et Solidaire (MTES) for financial support. This work has been supported by the ANR DOMOSCAN, ANR DIAPHANE, the AO-IPGP 2018 project “Depth to surface propagation of fluid-related anomalies at La Soufrière de Guadeloupe volcano (FWI): timing and implications for volcanic unrest” (coord.: R. Moretti) and the European Union’s through EUROVOLC (project No 731070). This study contributes to the IdEx Université de Paris ANR-18-IDEX-0001, is IPGP contribution number 4164 and is LabEx ClerVolc contribution number 426. MJH acknowledges funding via the INSU-CNRS project “Assessing the role of hydrothermal alteration on volcanic hazards”.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. CNRS, IRD, OPGC Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France

    David E. Jessop & Séverine Moune

  2. Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, CNRS, Université de Paris, F-75005, Paris, France

    David E. Jessop, Séverine Moune, Roberto Moretti, Jean-Christophe Komorowski, Vincent Robert, Alexis Bosson, Magali Bonifacie, Sébastien Deroussi, Céline Dessert, Marina Rosas-Carbajal, Arnaud Lemarchand & Arnaud Burtin

  3. Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Observatoire Volcanologique et Sismologique de Guadeloupe, F-97113, Gourbeyre, France

    David E. Jessop, Séverine Moune, Roberto Moretti, Vincent Robert, Alexis Bosson, Magali Bonifacie, Sébastien Deroussi & Céline Dessert

  4. Univ Lyon, Univ Lyon 1, ENSL, CNRS, UMS 3721, LGL-TPE, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France

    Dominique Gibert

  5. Géophysique Expérimentale, Institut de Physique de Globe de Strasbourg (UMR 7516 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg/EOST, 5 rue René Descartes, 67084, Strasbourg cedex, France

    Michael J. Heap

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Contributions

DEJ collected and analysed the field data, prepared the figures and wrote the manuscript. SM, RM, DG, JCK and VR also collected and analysed field data. All authors contributed in the writing and discussion of the manuscript, and consented to its submission.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to David E. Jessop.

Additional information

Editorial responsibility: M.R. James; Deputy Executive Editor: J. Tadeucci

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Jessop, D.E., Moune, S., Moretti, R. et al. A multi-decadal view of the heat and mass budget of a volcano in unrest: La Soufrière de Guadeloupe (French West Indies). Bull Volcanol 83, 16 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-021-01439-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-021-01439-2

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