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Pulsating flow dynamics of sustained, forced pyroclastic density currents: insights from a facies analysis of the Campo de la Piedra Pómez ignimbrite, southern Puna, Argentina

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Abstract

The Quaternary Campo de la Piedra Pomez ignimbrite (CPPI) is a superbly exposed, partially indurated, rhyolitic ignimbrite emplaced on the southern Puna of Argentina. It is characterized by a variety of facies that record in unprecedented detail the flow dynamics of the parent pyroclastic density currents (PDCs). Detailed facies analysis and internal architecture defined using a sequential stratigraphy approach reveal that CPPI was formed by sustained PDCs, generated from a low fountain eruptive style (boiling over). The PDCs had overall flow conditions characterized by high particle concentration and limited capability to surmount topographic obstacles. The mobility of the PDCs was largely controlled by high pore pressure and the continuous supply at the source (sustained forced convection-dominated PDCs). The successive forestepping-backstepping stacking patterns identified in the CPPI reflect a marked unsteadiness of its parent PDCs due to a pulsating discharge rate at the source. The lateral facies variations in the CPPI record the non-uniform character of its parent PDCs as they flowed outward from the base of the collapsing fountain. Proximal-medial areas characterized by steady aggradation rates pass through to distal braided thalwegs with highly variable aggradation rates, to frontal edges characterized by the step aggradations of secondary decoupled pumice-rich lobes. Collectively, the facies variations in the CPPI record the complex dynamics of sustained PDCs that include pulsating discharge rate at the source, progressive modification of the original topography, and lateral flow transformations.

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Acknowledgments

We thoroughly appreciate the thoughtful reviews by David Buesch, anonymous reviewer, and Associate Editor Joe Dufek. Their comments and concerns have helped us focus and improve our work significantly. Field discussions with Chuck Connor, Robert Constantinescu, Jan Lindsay, Daniel Bertin, and Pablo Caffe have been very useful.

Funding

This work was supported by the PICT (B)-2016-1359 grant (Dinámica de la erupción holocena más importante del sector sur de los Andes Centrales (erupción del Cerro Blanco, Puna Austral): Implicancias en la evaluación del riesgo volcánico en el Noroeste argentino) and by the PICT 2014-3436 (Petrogénesis de magmas vinculados a un sistema magmáticos de larga duración, Mioceno Medio -Holoceno, en el límite austral de la Puna. Complejos Volcánicos La Hoyada y Cerro Blanco, provincia de Catamarca). The fieldwork was carried out under the cooperation agreement between IBIGEO-CONICET and the Secretaría de Ambiente de la Provincia de Catamarca. de Silva acknowledges support from NASA grants MFRP NNX10AP79G and 16-SSW16_2-0141 and USA National Science Foundation grants EAR 0838536 and EAR 0908324 supported de Silva’s work here.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. IBIGEO (UNSa – CONICET), Av. Bolivia 5150, A4400FVY, Salta, Argentina

    Walter Báez, Agostina Chiodi, Emilce Bustos, Marcelo Arnosio & José Germán Viramonte

  2. College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331-5503, USA

    Shanaka de Silva

  3. Dipartimento di Scienze Geologiche, Università Degli Studi Roma Tre, Largo S. Leonardo Murialdo n.1, 00146, Rome, Italy

    Guido Giordano

  4. Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Jujuy, Jujuy, Argentina

    Nestor Suzaño

  5. Istituto di Geologia Ambientale e Geoingegneria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Area della Ricerca CNR - ARM3, Via Roberto Cozzi 53, 20125, Milan, Italy

    Gianluca Norini & Gianluca Groppelli

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  1. Walter Báez
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Correspondence to Walter Báez.

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Editorial responsibility: J. Dufek

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Báez, W., de Silva, S., Chiodi, A. et al. Pulsating flow dynamics of sustained, forced pyroclastic density currents: insights from a facies analysis of the Campo de la Piedra Pómez ignimbrite, southern Puna, Argentina. Bull Volcanol 82, 53 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-020-01385-5

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