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Influence of alteration on the mechanical behaviour and failure mode of andesite: implications for shallow seismicity and volcano monitoring

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Abstract

Volcanoes often host hydrothermal systems that alter the host rock. To understand the influence of alteration on mechanical behaviour of edifice-forming rock, we performed a series of triaxial deformation experiments on variably altered andesite from Mt. Ruapehu (New Zealand) under constant effective pressure. Under the imposed conditions, andesite with intermediate argillic alteration deforms in a brittle manner forming fractures. By contrast, andesite with advanced argillic alteration deforms in a ductile manner, with sample failure driven by distributed cataclastic pore collapse. We consider this the result of an increase in porosity and clay content with increasing alteration. Ancillary experiments highlight that the brittle-ductile transition occurs at lower effective pressure (i.e. at shallower depths) in andesites with advanced argillic alteration relative to unaltered andesites of comparable porosity. We conclude that advanced argillic alteration can create an anomalous shallow ductile zone, which has important implications for fluid flow and pre-eruptive seismicity.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Harry Keys and Blake McDavitt from the New Zealand Department of Conservation for field support. We thank Thierry Reuschlé, Patrick Baud, Alexandra Kushnir, and Luke Griffiths for assistance and discussion. The comments of two anonymous reviewers helped improve this manuscript. Mechanical data are available from https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.7303967.

Funding

This research was funded by the “Quantifying exposure to specific and multiple volcanic hazards” program of the New Zealand Natural Hazards Research Platform (NHRP). The authors of this study also acknowledge the support of the UC Doctoral Scholarship, UC Mason Trust Fund, Hubert CurienPartnership (PHC) Dumont D’Urville travel grant (number 31950RK), MBIE catalyst grant “Energy straight from magma”, and Mercury NZ Limited (formerly Mighty River Power) “Source to Surface” grant.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand

    S. P. Mordensky, B. M. Kennedy, M. C. Villeneuve & D. M. Gravley

  2. Institut de Physique de Globe de Strasbourg, UMR 7516 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg/EOST, 5 rue René Descartes, 67084, Strasbourg cedex, France

    M. J. Heap

  3. Lehrstuhl für Ingenieurgeologie, Technische Universität München, Arcisstraße 21, 80333, Munich, Germany

    H. A. Gilg

  4. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, USA

    J. I. Farquharson

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  1. S. P. Mordensky
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Mordensky, S.P., Heap, M.J., Kennedy, B.M. et al. Influence of alteration on the mechanical behaviour and failure mode of andesite: implications for shallow seismicity and volcano monitoring. Bull Volcanol 81, 44 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-019-1306-9

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