Abstract
Mafic flank eruptions are common events that pose a serious hazard to the communities and infrastructure often encroaching on the slopes of stratovolcanoes. Flank vent locations are dictated by the propagation path of their feeder dikes. The dikes are commonly thought to propagate either laterally from the central conduit or vertically from a deeper source. However, these interpretations are often based on indirect measurements, such as surface deformation and seismicity at active systems, and several studies at eroded volcanoes indicate the propagation paths may be more complex. We investigated the Oligocene age Summer Coon volcano (Colorado, USA), where erosion has exposed over 700 basaltic-andesitic radial dikes, to constrain the propagation directions, geometries, and spatial distributions of mafic dikes within a stratovolcano. The mean fabric angle of aligned plagioclase crystals was measured in oriented samples from the margins of 77 dikes. Of the 41 dikes with statistically significant flow fabrics, 85% had fabric angles that were inclined—plunging both inward and outward relative to the center of the volcano. After comparing fabric angles to those reported in other studies, we infer that, while most of the dikes with outward-plunging fabrics descended toward the flanks from a source within the edifice and near its axis, dikes with inward-plunging fabrics ascended through the edifice and toward the flanks from a deeper source. A possible control for the inclination of ascending dikes was the ratio between magma overpressure and the normal stress in the host rock. While higher ratios led to high-angle propagation, lower ratios resulted in inclined emplacement. Dikes crop out in higher frequencies within a zone surrounding the volcano axis at ~ 2500 m radial distance from the center and may be the result of ascending dikes, emplaced at similar propagation angles, intersecting the current level of exposure at common distances from the volcano axis. The process of inclined dike emplacement may be common at other stratovolcanoes and should be considered from a monitoring and hazard perspective as slight variations in the propagation angle would translate to major shifts in the anticipated vent location.
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Change history
03 May 2018
In the article “Emplacement controls for the basaltic-andesitic radial dikes of Summer Coon volcano and implications for flank vents at stratovolcanoes”, the vertical axis for Fig. 8 a was incorrectly labeled (i.e., the value for dikes per km2).
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Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank Nicole Leach for her assistance in sample collection and the preparation of thin sections. The authors gratefully acknowledge the referees Michael Poland and Daniele Trippanera, the Associate Editor Valerio Acocella, and the Executive Editor Andrew Harris, for their constructive comments and suggestions.
Funding
The project was supported by the University at Buffalo Center for Geohazards Studies, the Geological Society of America, and the Colorado Scientific Society.
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Editorial responsibility: V. Acocella
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Harp, A.G., Valentine, G.A. Emplacement controls for the basaltic-andesitic radial dikes of Summer Coon volcano and implications for flank vents at stratovolcanoes. Bull Volcanol 80, 16 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-018-1194-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-018-1194-4