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Dynamics of the major plinian eruption of Samalas in 1257 A.D. (Lombok, Indonesia)

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Abstract

The 1257 A.D. caldera-forming eruption of Samalas (Lombok, Indonesia) was recently associated with the largest sulphate spike of the last 2 ky recorded in polar ice cores. It is suspected to have impacted climate both locally and at a global scale. Extensive fieldwork coupled with sedimentological, geochemical and physical analyses of eruptive products enabled us to provide new constraints on the stratigraphy and eruptive dynamics. This four-phase continuous eruption produced a total of 33–40 km3 dense rock equivalent (DRE) of deposits, consisting of (i) 7–9 km3 DRE of pumiceous plinian fall products, (ii) 16 km3 DRE of pyroclastic density current deposits (PDC) and (iii) 8–9 km3 DRE of co-PDC ash that settled over the surrounding islands and was identified as far as 660 km from the source on the flanks of Merapi volcano (Central Java). Widespread accretionary lapilli-rich deposits provide evidence of the occurrence of a violent phreatomagmatic phase during the eruption. With a peak mass eruption rate of 4.6 × 108 kg/s, a maximum plume height of 43 km and a dispersal index of 110,500 km2, the 1257 A.D. eruption stands as the most powerful eruption of the last millennium. Eruption dynamics are consistent with an efficient dispersal of sulphur-rich aerosols across the globe. Remarkable reproducibility of trace element analysis on a few milligrammes of pumiceous tephra provides unequivocal evidence for the geochemical correlation of 1257 A.D. proximal reference products with distal tephra identified on surrounding islands. Hence, we identify and characterise a new prominent inter-regional chronostratigraphic tephra marker.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to RISTEK for allowing us to undertake this research and the Nusa Tengara Barat Governor’s Office for administrative support. We thank Dr Hendrasto (PVMBG/CVGHM) for his steadfast support and our Indonesian colleagues for field and administrative assistance. We are very grateful to J.-P. Toutain and Etny at IRD for valuable assistance and the institutional support. We are most indebted to Sofie and her staff at PVMBG for their help with administrative procedures and to Didik for the skilful dedicated driving. We also thank F. Le Cornec for her assistance for ICP-MS measurements, S. Hidalgo for pumice density measurements, M. Abrams (NASA) for providing ASTER satellite data and Arlyn (Rinjani Observatory, PVMBG) and H. Rachmat for samples of Barujari lavas. We thank Y. Wahyudi (PVMBG) and participants of the Rinjani excursion (CoV 8) for sharing their ideas. We are grateful for discussions and field insights on Merapi stratigraphy with S. Andreastuti, R. Gertisser and S. Charbonnier, and on marine cores with W. Kuhnt. 14C dates were obtained by C. Moreau and J.-P. Dumoulin (LMC14, CNRS UMS2572). We are grateful to S. Self (editor) and T. Druitt and R. Gertisser (reviewers) for their insightful and constructive comments that helped us to improve our manuscript. K. Fontijn is supported by NERC grant NE/I013210/1. This work is a part of C. Vidal’s PhD thesis (Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris). It has been partly funded by the Institut National des Sciences de l’Univers-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique programme CT3-ALEA, projects ECRin 2013 and 2014, and INSU-CNRS Artemis 2014 for 14C dating. This is IPGP contribution 3550.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institut de Physique du Globe, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, CNRS UMR-7154, Université Paris Diderot, 1 rue Jussieu 75238, Paris, Cedex 05, France

    Céline M. Vidal, Jean-Christophe Komorowski, Nicole Métrich, Agnès Michel & Guillaume Carazzo

  2. Museum of Geology, Badan Geologi, Jl. Diponegoro 57, 40122, Bandung, Indonesia

    Indyo Pratomo

  3. Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazards Mitigation, Badan Geologi, Jl. Diponegoro 57, 40122, Bandung, Indonesia

    Nugraha Kartadinata & Oktory Prambada

  4. Observatoire Volcanologique et Sismologique de la Martinique, Institut de Physique du Globe, Morne des Cadets, 97250, Fonds Saint-Denis, Martinique, FWI

    Guillaume Carazzo

  5. Laboratoire de Géographie Physique UMR 8591, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, 1 Place Aristide Briand, 92195, Meudon, France

    Franck Lavigne

  6. Department of Geological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA

    Jessica Rodysill

  7. Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3AN, UK

    Karen Fontijn

  8. Department of Geology and Soil Science, Ghent University, Krÿgslaan 281-58, 9000, Ghent, Belgium

    Karen Fontijn

  9. Badan Geologi, Jl. Diponegoro 57, 40122, Bandung, Indonesia

    Surono

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  1. Céline M. Vidal
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Correspondence to Céline M. Vidal.

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Vidal, C.M., Komorowski, JC., Métrich, N. et al. Dynamics of the major plinian eruption of Samalas in 1257 A.D. (Lombok, Indonesia). Bull Volcanol 77, 73 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-015-0960-9

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