Abstract
During volcanic explosions, volcanic ballistic projectiles (VBP) are frequently ejected. These projectiles represent a threat to people, infrastructure, vegetation, and aircraft due to their high temperatures and impact velocities. In order to protect people adequately, it is necessary to delimit the projectiles’ maximum range within well-defined explosion scenarios likely to occur in a particular volcano. In this study, a general methodology to delimit the hazard zones for VBP during volcanic eruptions is applied to Popocatépetl volcano. Three explosion scenarios with different intensities have been defined based on the past activity of the volcano and parameterized by considering the maximum kinetic energy associated with VBP ejected during previous eruptions. A ballistic model is used to reconstruct the “launching” kinetic energy of VBP observed in the field. In the case of Vulcanian eruptions, the most common type of activity at Popocatépetl, the ballistic model was used in concert with an eruptive model to correlate ballistic range with initial pressure and gas content, parameters that can be estimated by monitoring techniques. The results are validated with field data and video observations of different Vulcanian eruptions at Popocatépetl. For each scenario, the ballistic model is used to calculate the maximum range of VBP under optimum “launching” conditions: ballistic diameter, ejection angle, topography, and wind velocity. Our results are presented in the form of a VBP hazard map with topographic profiles that depict the likely maximum ranges of VBP under explosion scenarios defined specifically for Popocatépetl volcano. The hazard zones shown on the map allow the responsible authorities to plan the definition and mitigation of restricted areas during volcanic crises.
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Acknowledgments
The authors wish to express their gratitude to (in alphabetic order) Jerónimo Alatorre, Miguel Alatorre-Mendieta, Corrado Cimarelli, Isaac Farraz-Montes, Carlos Fernández, Alberto González-Huesca, Patricia Jácome-Paz, Patricia Julio-Miranda, Ulrich Kueppers, Yan Lavallée, Beatriz Oropeza-Villalobos, Eric Téllez, and Esther Romero-Terán for field assistance and Jonathan Hanson for his helpful comments. We also thank Ing. Roberto Quaas for allowing us the access to the video collection of CENAPRED and Lucio Cárdenas (CENAPRED) for the observation and careful selection of explosive events at Popocatépetl volcano. Financial support to the first author was provided by the Instituto de Geofísica (UNAM) and later by the IDK 31 THESIS program funded by the Elite Network of Bavaria (ENB). Hugo Delgado Granados acknowledges the support of Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico (UNAM) for a research sabbatical at UC Berkeley. Donald B. Dingwell acknowledges the support of a Research Professorship (LMUexcellent) of the Bundesexzellenzinitiative and the European Research Council (ERC) Advanced Grant EVOKES (247076). This study was partially funded by the FONCICYT program (Mexican Government-European Union), grant 93645 (FIEL-VOLCAN). We are grateful to Larry Mastin, Sarah Fagents, Jeremy Phillips, and James White for their careful review and useful and constructive comments.
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Alatorre-Ibargüengoitia, M.A., Delgado-Granados, H. & Dingwell, D.B. Hazard map for volcanic ballistic impacts at Popocatépetl volcano (Mexico). Bull Volcanol 74, 2155–2169 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-012-0657-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-012-0657-2