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Locally abundant, endangered Mariana swiftlets impact the abundance, behavior, and body condition of an invasive predator

  • Conservation ecology – original research
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Abstract

Invasive predators are known to have negative consumptive and non-consumptive effects on native species, but few examples show how the abundance of native prey may influence an established invasive predator. We compared invasive brown treesnakes (Boiga irregularis; BTS) found in caves occupied by endangered Mariana swiftlets (Aerodramus bartschi) to snakes found in nearby forests and caves without birds to quantify how the abundance of native avian prey impacts BTS abundance and behavior on Guam. From 2011 to 2017 we removed 151 BTS in caves occupied by swiftlets and never observed BTS in caves without birds. Notable locations included snakes foraging near swiftlets and in holes that allowed cave access and escape from capture. Of 43 BTS with gut contents, 27 (63%) contained swiftlets. BTS in swiftlet-occupied caves had greater fat mass compared to forests, indicating access to swiftlets may increase body condition and promote reproduction. Number of ovarian follicles was significantly greater in female snakes from swiftlet-occupied caves compared to those from ravine, but not limestone forests; evidence of male BTS being more capable of reproduction was limited (i.e., fewer non-discernible but not significantly larger testes in snakes from caves). Assuming other limiting factors are considered, altering the functional response of predators through the modification of caves or interdiction lures to exclude or hinder the largest BTS could bolster swiftlet populations by increasing nesting refugia in currently-occupied caves and facilitate recolonization of historical caves.

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Acknowledgements

Funding was provided by the U.S. Department of Defense (U.S. Navy, Joint Region Marianas) and U.S. Geological Survey Invasive Species Science Program. All applicable institutional and national guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed. Research was approved by the U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (FORT IACUC #2013-13). Research permission was provided by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (#2013-I-0242) and Guam Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources. We thank B. Lardner, P. Barnhart, M. Campbell, M. Cook, K. Donmoyer, T. Hinkle, M. Hogan, E. Holldorf, J. Kaseman, R. Lechalk, C. Robinson, M. Spencer, M. Viernes, A. Knox, R. Denny, A. Narzynski, I. Pearce, A. West, and N. Young for assistance. L. Bonewell, T. Tadevosyan, and A. Collins provided project management. A special thanks to G. Wiles for historical data concerning caves on Naval Base Guam Munitions Site and useful comments on earlier versions of this manuscript. Datasets analyzed in the study are available through ScienceBase (https://doi.org/10.5066/P90AVX85). The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.

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Author notes

  1. Page E. Klug

    Present address: U.S. Department of Agriculture APHIS, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, North Dakota State University, Biological Sciences Dept. 2715, P.O. Box 6050, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA

Authors and Affiliations

  1. U.S. Geological Survey Fort Collins Science Center, 2150 Centre Avenue, Building C, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA

    Page E. Klug & Amy A. Yackel Adams

  2. U.S. Department of Agriculture APHIS, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, 233 Pangelinan Way, Barrigada, GU, 96913, USA

    Shane R. Siers

  3. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Pacific Islands Regional Office, 1845 Wasp Boulevard, Honolulu, HI, 96818, USA

    Kevin M. Brindock

  4. U.S. Navy, Naval Facilities Engineering Systems Command Marianas, FPO AP, PSC 455, Box 195, Santa Rita, GU, 96540, USA

    Stephen M. Mosher

  5. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific Islands Office, 300 Ala Moana Blvd, Honolulu, HI, 96850, USA

    M. J. Mazurek

  6. Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA

    William C. Pitt

  7. U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center, Building 344, Hawaiʻi National Park, HI, 96718, USA

    Robert N. Reed

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Contributions

PEK, AYA, KMB, SMM, WCP, RNR conceived and designed the experiments. PEK, AYA, SRS, KMB, SMM, MJM, RNR conducted field work. PEK and AYA analyzed the data, PEK wrote the manuscript; other authors provided editorial advice.

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Correspondence to Page E. Klug.

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Communicated by Peter Banks.

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Klug, P.E., Adams, A.A.Y., Siers, S.R. et al. Locally abundant, endangered Mariana swiftlets impact the abundance, behavior, and body condition of an invasive predator. Oecologia 195, 1083–1097 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-021-04876-0

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