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Do constrained immigration rates and high β diversity explain contrasting productivity–diversity patterns measured at different scales?

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Abstract

The relationship between productivity and diversity is controversial because of disparity between unimodal and monotonic patterns, especially when occurring simultaneously at different scales. We used stream-side artificial channels to investigate how the availability of a major resource (leaf litter) affected stream invertebrate abundance and diversity at leaf-pack and whole-channel scales. At the larger scale, invertebrate diversity increased monotonically with increasing litter resource density, whereas at the smaller scale the relationship was hump-shaped, in keeping with reports in the literature. This divergence at higher resource levels suggests that multiple mechanisms may be operating. Our results indicate that consistently high species turnover (β diversity) caused the monotonic pattern because of a species-area or “sampling effect” in which new species accumulate with increasing number of samples. The hump-shaped pattern was due to constrained immigration because of a “dilution effect” in which a limited number of immigrants is spread out among the increasing number of available patches. We propose that the relationship between productivity or resource availability and α diversity is generally hump-shaped and the scale-dependent contrast in the relationship only arises where the species pool is large and β diversity is high. Differences in β diversity may, therefore, explain some of the contrasting patterns in the productivity–diversity relationship previously reported.We suggest that continuing immigration by rare taxa is important in sustaining species diversity when productivity is high. The hump-shaped pattern has implications for the impact of anthropogenic ecosystem enrichment on species diversity.

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Acknowledgements

We thank L. Davis, M. Reilly, A. Cairns and F. Christidis for field and laboratory assistance, and R. Marchant, J. Davis, D. Calcraft and anonymous reviewers for comments that greatly improved the manuscript. This research was funded by the Cooperative Research Centre for Tropical Rainforest Ecology and Management at James Cook University.

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  1. Niall M. Connolly

    Present address: Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Townsville, 4814, Australia

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  1. College of Science and Engineering, and TropWater, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia

    Niall M. Connolly & Richard G. Pearson

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NC designed the study, with input from RP, and undertook data collection and initial drafting of the manuscript. Both authors contributed to analyses and drafting of the current manuscript.

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Correspondence to Richard G. Pearson.

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Communicated by David Chalcraft.

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Connolly, N.M., Pearson, R.G. Do constrained immigration rates and high β diversity explain contrasting productivity–diversity patterns measured at different scales?. Oecologia 194, 481–490 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-020-04766-x

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