Abstract
Mutualistic interactions between plants and pollinators play an essential role in the organization and persistence of biodiversity. The structure of interaction networks mediates the resilience of local communities and ecosystem functioning to environmental changes. Hence, network structure conservation may be more critical for maintaining biodiversity and ecological services than the preservation of isolated species in changing landscapes. Here, we intensively surveyed seven 36 km2 landscapes to empirically investigate the effects of forest loss and landscape configuration on the structure of plant–pollinator networks in understory vegetation of Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Our results indicate that forest loss and isolation affect the structure of the plant–pollinator networks, which were smaller in deforested landscapes, and less specialized as patch isolation increased. Lower nestedness and degree of specialization (Hʹ2) indicated that the remaining plant and bee species tend to be generalists, and many of the expected specialized interactions in the network were already lost. Because generalist species generate a cohesive interaction core in these networks, these simplified networks might be resistant to loss of peripheral species, but may be susceptible to the extinction of the most generalist species. We suggest that such a network pattern is an outcome of landscapes with a few remaining isolated patches of natural habitat. Our results add a new perspective to studies of plant–pollinator networks in fragmented landscapes, showing that those interaction networks might also be used to indicate how changes in natural habitat affect biodiversity and biotic interactions.
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Acknowledgements
We thank Jesus Aguirre-Gutierrez for help on forest cover calculations. We thank Favízia F. Oliveira and Thiago Mahlmann for bee identification and Nadia Roque and Rodrigo Lopes for plants identification. We thank Astrid M. P. Kleinert, Camila M. Pigozzo, Eduardo Mariano Neto, and Jean Paul Metzger for their helpful and valuable comments and suggestions. We also thank Luiz C. Ribas for valuable help with the figures. The work was supperted by FAPESB (Grant no. Bol 0104/09), CNPq (Grant no. PRONEX 020/2009, APP0049/2009, PNX0016/2009, PPP0004/2010), CAPES (Grant No. PDSE BEX 8495/11-4).
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PAF, DB, PLBR, and BFV contributed equally to this work during conception, analysis, and writing. LEL, LGC, and JCB contributed equally to this work during analysis and writing.
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Communicated by Anne Worley.
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Supplementary material 1 Electronic Supplemental Material. Lists of 59 plants and 60 bee species sampled in seven fragmented landscapes in the Atlantic Rainforest of Bahia, Northeastern Brazil, from January to November 2011, totaling 177 interactions. *Non identified plants. The numbers mean the field code of each individual plant (DOCX 14 kb)
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Supplementary material 2 Detailed analysis of plant–bee interactions per landscape, in seven landscapes at the Atlantic Rainforest of Bahia, Northeastern Brazil (DOCX 26 kb)
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Supplementary material 3 Relation between Forest Cover and Plant-Bees Network Nestedness, in seven fragmented landscapes on the Atlantic Forest in Bahia Northeastern Brazil (DOCX 10 kb)
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Ferreira, P.A., Boscolo, D., Lopes, L.E. et al. Forest and connectivity loss simplify tropical pollination networks. Oecologia 192, 577–590 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-019-04579-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-019-04579-7