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Long-term acclimation to near-future ocean acidification has negligible effects on energetic attributes in a juvenile coral reef fish

  • Global change ecology – original research
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Abstract

Increased levels of dissolved carbon dioxide (CO2) drive ocean acidification and have been predicted to increase the energy use of marine fishes via physiological and behavioural mechanisms. This notion is based on a theoretical framework suggesting that detrimental effects on energy use are caused by plasma acid–base disruption in response to hypercapnic acidosis, potentially in combination with a malfunction of the gamma aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors in the brain. However, the existing empirical evidence testing these effects primarily stems from studies that exposed fish to elevated CO2 for a few days and measured a small number of traits. We investigated a range of energetic traits in juvenile spiny chromis damselfish (Acanthochromis polyacanthus) over 3 months of acclimation to projected end-of-century CO2 levels (~ 1000 µatm). Somatic growth and otolith size and shape were unaffected by the CO2 treatment across 3 months of development in comparison with control fish (~ 420 µatm). Swimming activity during behavioural assays was initially higher in the elevated CO2 group, but this effect dissipated within ~ 25 min following handling. The transient higher activity of fish under elevated CO2 was not associated with a detectable difference in the rate of oxygen uptake nor was it mediated by GABAA neurotransmitter interference because treatment with a GABAA antagonist (gabazine) did not abolish the CO2 treatment effect. These findings contrast with several short-term studies by suggesting that end-of-century levels of CO2 may have negligible direct effects on the energetics of at least some species of fish.

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Data availability

The dataset supporting this manuscript is publicly archived in the repository figshare: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.7965005, following best practices (Roche et al. 2015).

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Acknowledgements

This work was funded by the Swedish Research Council Formas (2013-947, JS), the Swedish Research Council VR (637-2014-449, MA), the Australian Research Council (Future Fellowship FT180100154, TDC), the Wenner-Gren Foundation (JS, MA), the Society for Experimental Biology travel grant and the Company of Biologists Travel Grant (JEBTF-150422, JS), the Fulbright Foundation (MA), Inez Johanssons stiftelse (FMG), and through an Australian Endeavour Research Fellowship (GDR). We thank F. Jutfelt for contributing vital equipment, J. Maisano for assistance with the CT-scan, and A. Severati and C. Schlott for collecting wild fish. Invaluable statistical support was provided by E. Hale and C. Blanco, statistical consultants at the University of Texas at Austin. Further support and facilities were provided by the Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS). Special thanks to the SeaSim staff at AIMS for logistical support.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Josefin Sundin

    Present address: Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway

  2. Mirjam Amcoff

    Present address: Department of Zoology/Functional Zoomorphology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden

  3. Fernando Mateos-González

    Present address: ALKA Wildlife, Lidéřovice, Dačice, Czech Republic

  4. Graham D. Raby

    Present address: Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada

  5. Timothy D. Clark

    Present address: School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia

  6. Josefin Sundin and Mirjam Amcoff contributed equally to the manuscript.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

    Josefin Sundin

  2. Section of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, USA

    Mirjam Amcoff & Fernando Mateos-González

  3. Department of Collective Behaviour, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany

    Fernando Mateos-González

  4. Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia

    Graham D. Raby & Timothy D. Clark

Authors
  1. Josefin Sundin
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  2. Mirjam Amcoff
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  3. Fernando Mateos-González
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  4. Graham D. Raby
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  5. Timothy D. Clark
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Contributions

All authors designed and performed the experiments. MA, JS and TDC analysed the data. JS and MA wrote the manuscript with significant contributions in addition to approval from all other authors.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Josefin Sundin.

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Conflict of interest

The authors declare no competing or financial interests.

Additional information

Communicated by Donovan P German.

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Sundin, J., Amcoff, M., Mateos-González, F. et al. Long-term acclimation to near-future ocean acidification has negligible effects on energetic attributes in a juvenile coral reef fish. Oecologia 190, 689–702 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-019-04430-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-019-04430-z

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