Abstract
Understanding plant water uptake is important in ecosystems that experience periodic drought. In many Mediterranean-type climates like coastal California, plants are subject to significant drought and wildfire disturbance. During the dry summer months, coastal shrub species are often exposed to leaf wetting from overnight fog events. This study sought to determine whether foliar uptake of fog occurs in shrub species and how this uptake affects physiology and fuel condition. In a controlled greenhouse experiment, dominant California shrub species were exposed to isotopically labeled fog water and plant responses were measured. Potted plants were covered at the base to prevent root uptake. The deuterium label was detected in the leaves of four out of five species and in the stems of two of the species. While there was a minimal effect of foliar water uptake on live fuel moisture, several species had lower xylem tension and greater photosynthetic rates after overnight fog treatments, especially Salvia leucophylla. Coastal fog may provide a moisture source for many species during the summer drought, but the utilization of this water source may vary based on foliar morphology, phenology and plant water balance. From this study, it appears that drought-deciduous species (Artemisia californica and Salvia leucophylla) benefit more from overnight fog events than evergreen species (Adenostoma fasciculatum, Baccharis pilularis and Ceanothus megacarpus). This differential response to fog exposure among California shrub species may affect species distributions and physiological tolerances under future climate scenarios.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ackerly DD, Knight CA, Weiss SB, Barton K, Starmer KP (2002) Leaf size, specific leaf area and microhabitat distribution of chaparral woody plants: contrasting patterns in species level and community level analyses. Oecologia 130:449–457
Alexander RA, Govern DM (1994) A new and simpler approximation for ANOVA under variance heterogeneity. J Educ Stat 19:91–101
Anderson HE (1970) Forest fuel ignitibility. Fire Technol 6:312–319
Anderson HE (1982) Aids to determining fuel models for estimating fire behavior. General technical report INT-122 Ogden, UT: USDA forest service, intermountain forest and range experiment station pp 22
Baguskas SA, Peterson SH, Bookhagen B, Still CJ (2014) Evaluating spatial patterns of drought-induced tree mortality in a coastal California pine forest. For Ecol Manage 315:43–53
Baguskas SA, Still CJ, Fischer DT, D’Antonio CM, King JY (2016) Coastal fog during summer drought improves the water status of sapling trees more than adult trees in a California pine forest. Oecologia 181:137–148
Benzing DH, Burt KM (1970) Foliar permeability among twenty species of the Bromeliaceae. Bull Torrey Bot Club, pp 269–279
Berry CZ, Smith WK (2014) Experimental cloud immersion and foliar water uptake in saplings of Abies fraseri and Picea rubens. Trees Struct Funct 28:115–123
Bradstock RA, Williams JE, Gill AM (eds) (2002) Flammable Australia: the fire regimes and biodiversity of a continent. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Breshears DD, McDowell NG, Goddard KL, Dayem KE, Martens SN, Meyer CW, Brown KM (2008) Foliar absorption of intercepted rainfall improves woody plant water status most during drought. Ecology 89:41–47
Brown MB, Forsythe AB (1974) Robust tests for equality of variances. J Am Stat Assoc 69:64–367
Burgess SSO, Dawson TE (2004) The contribution of fog to the water relations of Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don): foliar uptake and prevention of dehydration. Plant Cell Environ 27:1023–1034
Burkhardt J, Basi S, Pariyar S, Hunsche M (2012) Stomatal penetration by aqueous solutions—an update involving leaf surface particles. New Phytol 196:774–787
Carbone MS, Williams AP, Ambrose AR, Boot CM, Bradley ES, Dawson TE, Schaeffer SM, Schimel JP, Still CJ (2013) Cloud shading and fog drip influence the metabolism of a coastal pine ecosystem. Glob Change Biol 19:484–497
Cody ML, Mooney HA (1978) Convergence versus nonconvergence in Mediterranean-climate ecosystems. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 9:265–321
Cole ES (2005). Root and whole plant growth responses to soil resource heterogeneity in coastal dune shrubs of California. PhD dissertation, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA
Corbin JD, Thomsen MA, Dawson TE, D’Antonio CM (2005) Summer water use by California coastal prairie grasses: fog, drought, and community composition. Oecologia 145:511–521
Countryman CM, Dean WA (1979). Measuring moisture content in living chaparral: A field user’s manual. General technical report PSW-36 Berkeley, CA: USDA, forest service pacific southwest forest and range experiment station pp 27
Dennison PE, Moritz MA (2009) Critical live fuel moisture in chaparral ecosystems: a threshold for fire activity and its relationship to antecedent precipitation. Int J Wildland Fire 18:1021–1027
Dixon WJ (1950) Analysis of extreme values. Ann Math Stat 21:488–506
Earles JM, Sperling O, Silva LCR, McElrone A, Brodersen C, North M, Zwieniecki M (2015) Bark water uptake promotes localized hydraulic recovery in coastal redwood crown. Plant Cell Environ 39:320–328
Edwards D (1984) Fire regimes in the biomes of South Africa. In: Ecological effects of fire in South African ecosystems. Springer, Berlin, pp 19–37
Ehleringer JR, Roden J, Dawson TE (2000) Assessing ecosystem-level water relations through stable isotope ratio analyses. In: Sala O, Jackson R, Mooney HA (eds) Methods in ecosystem science. Springer, New York, pp 181–198
Eller CB, Lima AL, Oliveira RS (2013) Foliar uptake of fog water and transport belowground alleviates drought effects in the cloud forest tree species, Drimys brasiliensis (Winteraceae). New Phytol 199:151–162
Emery NC, Lesage J (2015) Late summer fog use in the drought deciduous shrub, Artemisia californica (Asteraceae). Madroño 62:150–157
Ewing HA, Weathers KC, Templer PH, Dawson TE, Firestone MK, Elliott AM, Boukili VK (2009) Fog water and ecosystem function: heterogeneity in a California redwood forest. Ecosystems 12:417–433
Filonczuk MK, Cayan DR, Riddle LG (1995) Variability of marine fog along the California coast. Scripps Institution of Oceanography, San Diego
Fischer DT, Still CJ, Williams AP (2009) Significance of summer fog and overcast for drought stress and ecological functioning of coastal California endemic plant species. J Biogeogr 36:783–799
Franklin J, Syphard AD, He HS, Mladenoff DJ (2005) Altered fire regimes affect landscape patterns of plant succession in the foothills and mountains of southern California. Ecosystems 8:885–898
Goldsmith GR (2013) Changing directions: the atmosphere—plant—soil continuum. New Phytol 199:4–6
Goldsmith GR, Matzke NJ, Dawson TE (2013) The incidence and implications of clouds for cloud forest plant water relations. Ecol Lett 16:307–314
Gotsch SG, Asbjornsen H, Holwerda F, Goldsmith GR, Weintraub AE, Dawson TE (2014) Foggy days and dry nights determine crown-level water balance in a seasonal tropical montane cloud forest. Plant Cell Environ 37:261–272. doi:10.1111/pce.12151
Gouvra E, Grammatikopoulos G (2003) Beneficial effects of direct foliar water uptake on shoot water potential of five chasmophytes. Can J Bot 81:1278–1284
Gray JT (1982) Community structure and productivity in Ceanothus chaparral and coastal sage scrub of southern California. Ecol Monogr 52:415–435
Hanes TL (1971) Succession after fire in the chaparral of southern California. Ecol Monogr 41:27–52
Hanes TL (1977) California chaparral. In: Barbour MG, Major J (eds) Terrestrial vegetation of California. Wiley, New York, pp 417–470
Harrison AT, Small E, Mooney HA (1971) Drought relationships and distribution of two Mediterranean-climate California plant communities. Ecology 52:869–875
Hassiotou F, Evans JR, Ludwig M, Veneklaas EJ (2009) Stomatal crypts may facilitate diffusion of CO2 to adaxial mesophyll cells in thick sclerophylls. Plant Cell Environ 32:1596–1611
Hellmers H, Horton JS, Jurhen G, O’Keefe J (1955) Root systems of some chaparral plants in southern California. Ecology 36:667–678
Hiatt C, Fernandez D, Potter C (2012) Measurements of fog water deposition on the California Central Coast. Atmos Clim Sci 2:525
Hobbs RJ, Mooney HA (1987) Leaf and shoot demography in Baccharis shrubs of different ages. Am J Bot 74:1111–1115
Jacobsen AL, Pratt RB, Ewers FW, Davis SD (2007) Cavitation resistance among 26 chaparral species of southern California. Ecol Monogr 77:99–115
Johnstone JA, Dawson TE (2010) Climatic context and ecological implications of summer fog decline in the coast redwood region. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107:4533–4538
Jolly WM, Hadlow AM, Huguet K (2014) De-coupling seasonal changes in water content and dry matter to predict live conifer foliar moisture content. Int J Wildland Fire 23:480–489
Keeley JE, Fotheringham CJ (2001) Historic fire regime in southern California shrublands. Conserv Biol 15:1536–1548
Kerstiens G (1996) Cuticular water permeability and its physiological significance. J Exp Bot 47:1813–1832
Kirkpatrick JB, Hutchinson CF (1977) The community composition of Californian coastal sage scrub. Vegetatio 35:21–33
Kummerow J, Krause D, Jow W (1977) Root systems of chaparral shrubs. Oecologia 29:163–177
LACFD (Los Angeles County Fire Department) (2015) Fire weather/fire danger program. http://www.fire.lacounty.gov/forestry-division/fire-weather-report/. Accessed 17 Dec 2015
Leipper DF (1994) Fog on the U.S. west coast: a review. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 75:229–240
Lekson V, Holmlund HI, Davis SD, Nakamatsu NA, Burns AM (2015) Comparative foliar water uptake and leaf hydrophobicity among eight species of California ferns. Pepperdine University, Malibu
Limm EB, Dawson TE (2010) Polystichum munitum (Dryopteridaceae) varies geographically in its ability to absorb fog water by foliar uptake within the redwood forest ecosystem. Am J Bot 97:1121–1128
Limm EB, Simonin KA, Bothman AG, Dawson TE (2009) Foliar water uptake: a common water acquisition strategy for plants of the redwood forest. Oecologia 161:449–459
Martin CE, von Willert DJ (2000) Leaf epidermal hydathodes and the ecophysiological consequences of foliar water uptake in species of Crassula from the Namib desert in southern Africa. Plant Biol 2:229–242
Martin RE, Gordon DA and Gutierrez MA (1994) Assessing the flammability of domestic and wildland vegetation. In: 12th conference on fire and forest meteorology. Society of American Forestry, Bethesda. pp 796
McDowell NG (2011) Mechanisms linking drought, hydraulics, carbon metabolism, and vegetation mortality. Plant Physiol 155:1051–1059
Munné-Bosch S (2010) Direct foliar absorption of rainfall water and its biological significance in dryland ecosystems. J Arid Environ 74:417–418
Noborio K (2001) Measurement of soil water content and electrical conductivity by time domain reflectometry: a review. Comput Electron Agric 31:213–237
Nobs MA (1963) Experimental studies on species relationship in Ceanothus, vol 623. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, D.C
Pausas JG, Vallejo VR (1999) The role of fire in European Mediterranean ecosystems. In: Remote sensing of large wildfires. Springer, Berlin, pp 3–16
Philip JR (1966) Plant water relations: some physical aspects. Ann Rev Plant Physiol 17:245–268
Qiu Y, Hong-lang X, Liang-ju Z, Sheng-cun X, Mao-xian Z, Cai-zhi L, Liang Z (2010) Research progress on water uptake through foliage. Acta Ecol Sin 30:172–177
Resco de Dios V, Díaz-Sierra R, Goulden ML, Barton CVM, Boer MM, Gessler A, Ferrio JP, Pfautsch S, Tissue DT (2013) Woody clockworks: circadian regulation of night-time water use in Eucalyptus globulus. New Phytol 200:743–752
Schlesinger WH, Gray JT, Gill DS, Mahall BE (1982) Ceanothus megacarpus chaparral: a synthesis of ecosystem processes during development and annual growth. Bot Rev 48:71–117
Scholl M, Eugster W, Burkard R (2011) Understanding the role of fog in forest hydrology: stable isotopes as tools for determining input and partitioning of cloud water in montane forests. Hydrol Process 25:353–366
Simonin KA, Santiago LS, Dawson TE (2009) Fog interception by Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don) crowns decouples physiology from soil water deficit. Plant Cell Environ 32:882–892
Skierucha W (2000) Accuracy of soil moisture measurement by TDR technique. Int Agrophysics 14:417–426
Stone EC (1957) Dew as an ecological factor: II. The effect of artificial dew on the survival of Pinus ponderosa and associated species. Ecology 38:414–422
Turner IM (1994) Sclerophylly: primarily protective? Funct Ecol 8:669–675
Vasey MC, Loik ME, Parker VT (2012) Influence of summer marine fog and low cloud stratus on water relations of evergreen woody shrubs (Arctostaphylos: Ericaceae) in the chaparral of central California. Oecologia 170:325–337
Westman WE (1981) Factors influencing the distribution of species of Californian coastal sage scrub. Ecology 62:439–455
Whelan RJ (1995) The ecology of fire. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Williams AP (2009) Tree rings, climate variability, and coastal summer stratus clouds in the western United States. PhD thesis, University of California, Santa Barbara
Williams AP, Schwartz RE, Iacobellis S, Seager R, Cook BI, Still CJ, Husak G, Michaelsen J (2015) Urbanization causes increased cloud base height and decreased fog in coastal southern California. Geophys Res Lett 42:1527–1536
Wright CD (1928) An ecological study of Baccharis pilularis. MS thesis, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
Yates DJ, Hutley LB (1995) Foliar uptake of water by wet leaves of Sloanea woollsii, an Australian subtropical rainforest tree. Aust J Bot 43:157–167
Zhang J, Jia W, Yang J, Ismail AM (2006) Role of ABA in integrating plant responses to drought and salt stresses. Field Crops Res 97:111–119
Acknowledgments
Many thanks to Dr. Carla D’Antonio and the UCSB Greenhouse for logistical and financial support, Dr. Carla D’Antonio, Dr. Max Moritz, Dr. Chris Still and Dr. Dar Roberts for helpful comments on an earlier version of this manuscript, and Dr. Todd Dawson, Dr. Stefania Mambelli and the Center for Stable Isotope Biogeochemistry at UC Berkeley for guidance and facilities. This project was funded by National Science Foundation Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant Award #1311605 and supported by the Isotope Inter-University Training for Continental-scale Ecology Fellowship, University of Utah.
Author contribution statement
NCE conceived, designed, and executed this study and wrote the manuscript. No other person is entitled to authorship.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Communicated by Frederick C. Meinzer.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Emery, N.C. Foliar uptake of fog in coastal California shrub species. Oecologia 182, 731–742 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-016-3712-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-016-3712-4