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Additive effects of exotic plant abundance and land-use intensity on plant–pollinator interactions

  • Plant-microbe-animal interactions - Original research
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Abstract

The continuing spread of exotic plants and increasing human land-use are two major drivers of global change threatening ecosystems, species and their interactions. Separate effects of these two drivers on plant–pollinator interactions have been thoroughly studied, but we still lack an understanding of combined and potential interactive effects. In a subtropical South African landscape, we studied 17 plant–pollinator networks along two gradients of relative abundance of exotics and land-use intensity. In general, pollinator visitation rates were lower on exotic plants than on native ones. Surprisingly, while visitation rates on native plants increased with relative abundance of exotics and land-use intensity, pollinator visitation on exotic plants decreased along the same gradients. There was a decrease in the specialization of plants on pollinators and vice versa with both drivers, regardless of plant origin. Decreases in pollinator specialization thereby seemed to be mediated by a species turnover towards habitat generalists. However, contrary to expectations, we detected no interactive effects between the two drivers. Our results suggest that exotic plants and land-use promote generalist plants and pollinators, while negatively affecting specialized plant–pollinator interactions. Weak integration and high specialization of exotic plants may have prevented interactive effects between exotic plants and land-use. Still, the additive effects of exotic plants and land-use on specialized plant–pollinator interactions would have been overlooked in a single-factor study. We therefore highlight the need to consider multiple drivers of global change in ecological research and conservation management.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife for permission to work within the Oribi Gorge Nature Reserve, and all South African farmers who granted us access to their land. We are grateful to S.-L. Steenhuisen and S. Johnson for providing advice and field equipment, and to H. and M. Neethling, P. Pillay and F. Voigt for their manifold support. We thank J. Albrecht for valuable discussions on the statistical analyses, and R. Brandl, K. Fiedler and two anonymous reviewers for insightful comments that substantially improved the manuscript. Funding was provided by the Robert Bosch Stiftung. Field work complied with the current laws of the Republic of South Africa.

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  1. Department of Ecology, Conservation Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße 8, 35032, Marburg, Germany

    Ingo Grass, Dana Gertrud Berens, Franziska Peter & Nina Farwig

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  1. Ingo Grass
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  2. Dana Gertrud Berens
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Correspondence to Ingo Grass.

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Communicated by Roland Brandl.

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Grass, I., Berens, D.G., Peter, F. et al. Additive effects of exotic plant abundance and land-use intensity on plant–pollinator interactions. Oecologia 173, 913–923 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-013-2688-6

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