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Aerial roots of epiphytic orchids: the velamen radicum and its role in water and nutrient uptake

Oecologia volume 171, pages 733–741 (2013)Cite this article

Abstract

The velamen radicum, a spongy, usually multiple epidermis of the roots, which at maturity consists of dead cells, is frequently described as an important adaptation of epiphytic orchids. Yet, quantitative evidence for the alleged functions, e.g., efficient water and nutrient uptake, nutrient retention, reduction of water loss, mechanical protection, or the avoidance of overheating, is rare or missing. We tested the notion originally put forward by Went in 1940 that the velamen allows plants to capture and immobilize the first solutions arriving in a rainfall, which are the most heavily charged with nutrients. In a series of experiments, we examined whether all necessary functional characteristics are given for this scenario to be realistic under ecological conditions. First, we show that the velamen of a large number of orchid species takes up solutions within seconds, while evaporation from the velamen takes several hours. Charged ions are retained in the velamen probably due to positive and negative charges in the cell walls, while uncharged compounds are lost to the external medium. Finally, we demonstrate that nutrient uptake follows biphasic kinetics with a highly efficient, active transport system at low external concentrations. Thus, our results lend strong support to Went’s hypothesis: the velamen fulfills an important function in nutrient uptake in the epiphytic habitat. Most of the other functions outlined above still await similar experimental scrutiny.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Inga Schul and Niels Plump (both University Oldenburg) for technical help. Constructive comments of two anonymous reviewers on an earlier version helped to improve the clarity of the paper. We acknowledge permits to export plant material from Panama.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Functional Ecology Group, Institute of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Box 2503, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany

    Gerhard Zotz & Uwe Winkler

  2. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Box 0843-03092, Panama, Republic of Panama

    Gerhard Zotz

Authors
  1. Gerhard Zotz
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  2. Uwe Winkler
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Correspondence to Gerhard Zotz.

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Communicated by Russell Monson.

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Zotz, G., Winkler, U. Aerial roots of epiphytic orchids: the velamen radicum and its role in water and nutrient uptake. Oecologia 171, 733–741 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-012-2575-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-012-2575-6

Keywords

  • Cation exchange capacity
  • Epiphytes
  • Phosphorus
  • Potassium