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Delayed induced silica defences in grasses and their potential for destabilising herbivore population dynamics

  • Plant-animal interactions - Original research
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Abstract

Some grass species mount a defensive response to grazing by increasing their rate of uptake of silica from the soil and depositing it as abrasive granules in their leaves. Increased plant silica levels reduce food quality for herbivores that feed on these grasses. Here we provide empirical evidence that a principal food species of an herbivorous rodent exhibits a delayed defensive response to grazing by increasing silica concentrations, and present theoretical modelling that predicts that such a response alone could lead to the population cycles observed in some herbivore populations. Experiments performed under greenhouse conditions revealed that the rate of deposition of silica defences in the grass Deschampsia caespitosa is a time-lagged, nonlinear function of grazing intensity and that, upon cessation of grazing, these defences take around one year to decay to within 5 % of control levels. Simple coupled grass–herbivore population models incorporating this functional response, and parameterised with empirical data, consistently predict population cycles for a wide range of realistic parameter values for a (Microtus) vole–grass system. Our results support the hypothesis that induced silica defences have the potential to strongly affect the population dynamics of their herbivores. Specifically, the feedback response we observed could be a driving mechanism behind the observed population cycles in graminivorous herbivores in cases where grazing levels in the field become sufficiently large and sustained to trigger an induced silica defence response.

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Acknowledgments

This study was funded by a British Ecological Society ECPG to FPM and NERC grants NE/F003137/1 to SEH, NE/F003161/1 to JAS and NE/F003994/1 to XL. JJHR was supported by an EPSRC DTA Studentship. JAS and XL were supported in part by Leverhulme Trust Research Fellowships. AW was supported in part by a Royal Society of Edinburgh and Scottish Government Research Support Fellowship. We thank Iain Currie (Heriot–Watt University) and Pam Wiener (Roslin Institute) for statistical advice, and Jane DeGabriel (University of Aberdeen) for comments on the paper.

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  1. Stefan Reidinger & Sue E. Hartley

    Present address: Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mathematics and the Maxwell Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, Scotland, UK

    Jennifer J. H. Reynolds, Jonathan A. Sherratt & Andrew White

  2. School of Biological Sciences, Zoology Building, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK

    Xavier Lambin & Fergus P. Massey

  3. School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, East Sussex, BN1 9QG, UK

    Fergus P. Massey, Stefan Reidinger & Sue E. Hartley

  4. Computational Ecology and Environmental Science Group, Computational Science Laboratory, Microsoft Research, 7 J.J. Thompson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0FB, UK

    Matthew J. Smith

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Communicated by Diethart Matthies.

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Reynolds, J.J.H., Lambin, X., Massey, F.P. et al. Delayed induced silica defences in grasses and their potential for destabilising herbivore population dynamics. Oecologia 170, 445–456 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-012-2326-8

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