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Balancing positive and negative plant interactions: how mosses structure vascular plant communities

  • Community ecology - Original Paper
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Abstract

Our understanding of positive and negative plant interactions is primarily based on vascular plants, as is the prediction that facilitative effects dominate in harsh environments. It remains unclear whether this understanding is also applicable to moss–vascular plant interactions, which are likely to be influential in low-temperature environments with extensive moss ground cover such as boreal forest and arctic tundra. In a field experiment in high-arctic tundra, we investigated positive and negative impacts of the moss layer on vascular plants. Ramets of the shrub Salix polaris, herb Bistorta vivipara, grass Alopecurus borealis and rush Luzula confusa were transplanted into plots manipulated to contain bare soil, shallow moss (3 cm) and deep moss (6 cm) and harvested after three growing seasons. The moss layer had both positive and negative impacts upon vascular plant growth, the relative extent of which varied among vascular plant species. Deep moss cover reduced soil temperature and nitrogen availability, and this was reflected in reduced graminoid productivity. Shrub and herb biomass were greatest in shallow moss, where soil moisture also appeared to be highest. The relative importance of the mechanisms by which moss may influence vascular plants, through effects on soil temperature, moisture and nitrogen availability, was investigated in a phytotron growth experiment. Soil temperature, and not nutrient availability, determined Alopecurus growth, whereas Salix only responded to increased temperature if soil nitrogen was also increased. We propose a conceptual model showing the relative importance of positive and negative influences of the moss mat on vascular plants along a gradient of moss depth and illustrate species-specific outcomes. Our findings suggest that, through their strong influence on the soil environment, mat-forming mosses structure the composition of vascular plant communities. Thus, for plant interaction theory to be widely applicable to extreme environments such as the Arctic, growth forms other than vascular plants should be considered.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Hera Sengers and Anne-Mette Pedersen for invaluable help with field and laboratory work, to UNIS for the logistic support provided, and to referees for insightful comments and textual changes. This work was funded by NERC (NER/S/A/2001/05958) and permission for the field experiments was kindly granted by the Governor of Svalbard.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, UK

    Jemma L. Gornall & Sarah J. Woodin

  2. UNIS, PB 156, 9171, Longyearbyen, Norway

    Jemma L. Gornall & Ingibjorg S. Jónsdóttir

  3. Institute of Biology, University of Iceland, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland

    Ingibjorg S. Jónsdóttir

  4. Aberdeen Centre for Environmental Sustainability, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, UK

    René van der Wal

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  1. Jemma L. Gornall
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  2. Sarah J. Woodin
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  3. Ingibjorg S. Jónsdóttir
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  4. René van der Wal
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Correspondence to René van der Wal.

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Communicated by Bryan Foster.

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Gornall, J.L., Woodin, S.J., Jónsdóttir, I.S. et al. Balancing positive and negative plant interactions: how mosses structure vascular plant communities. Oecologia 166, 769–782 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-011-1911-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-011-1911-6

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