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Drought–herbivory interaction disrupts competitive displacement of native plants by Microstegium vimineum, 10-year results

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Abstract

Biological invasions are often exacerbated by disturbance or deviations from historic disturbance regimes. Dense understory layers of invasive exotic plants can alter successional trajectories, resulting in consequences that cascade through the biota. However, it is unclear if such layers are self-sustaining or maintained by chronic disturbances that asymmetrically depress native competitors. We examined the role of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus Zimm.) herbivory and drought on the permeability of recalcitrant understory layers dominated by the invasive exotic Microstegium vimineum (Trin.) A. Camus in 15 exclosures and 15 control plots from 1997 to 2006. This study was conducted in Cades Cove, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee, USA. M. vimineum cover exhibited high inter- and intra-annual variation in both exclosures and controls, but displayed a significant correspondence to drought severity. Native species richness and the abundance of woody plants increased within exclosures, but not controls, following a drought-induced nadir in M. vimineum cover that occurred in 2000. By 2003, all height classes of native tree seedlings were present in exclosures and seedlings were advancing into the sapling layer (≥50 cm tall). After 10 years, no tree seedling on a control plot had been able to attain and maintain a height ≥20 cm. Our results suggest that chronic herbivory inhibits state transitions that could occur in response to intermittent disturbances, which reduce the abundance of the invader. Consequently, recalcitrance is likely reinforced by chronic herbivory.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Paul Allyn, Erika Choberka, Katie Crosthwaite, Eric Fabio, Eric Holzmueller, Hope Hornbeck, Heather MacCulloch, Hanni Muerdter, Margie Mulligan, Janice Pelton, Meryl Rose, Dana Soehn, Jennifer Thiemann, Jennifer Tietjen, Warren Reuschel and Art vonLehe for their assistance with data collection and entry. We also thank Rick Varner, Chuck Hester, Bill Stiver, and Kim Delozier for constructing the exclosures. Keith Langdon, Joseph Bump, and Miguel Franco provided helpful reviews of an earlier draft of this manuscript. This research was supported by the Inventory and Monitoring Program of the National Park Service and the School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science at Michigan Technological University, and complied with all legal requirements of the United States.

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  1. Michael A. Jenkins

    Present address: Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, 715 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA

    Christopher R. Webster & Robert E. Froese

  2. National Park Service, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Twin Creeks Science and Education Center, 1316 Cherokee Orchard Road, Gatlinburg, TN, 37738, USA

    Janet H. Rock & Michael A. Jenkins

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  1. Christopher R. Webster
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Correspondence to Christopher R. Webster.

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Communicated by Miguel Franco.

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Webster, C.R., Rock, J.H., Froese, R.E. et al. Drought–herbivory interaction disrupts competitive displacement of native plants by Microstegium vimineum, 10-year results. Oecologia 157, 497–508 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-008-1085-z

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