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Phenotypic and genetic differentiation between native and introduced plant populations

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Abstract

Plant invasions often involve rapid evolutionary change. Founder effects, hybridization, and adaptation to novel environments cause genetic differentiation between native and introduced populations and may contribute to the success of invaders. An influential idea in this context has been the Evolution of Increased Competitive Ability (EICA) hypothesis. It proposes that after enemy release plants rapidly evolve to be less defended but more competitive, thereby increasing plant vigour in introduced populations. To detect evolutionary change in invaders, comparative studies of native versus introduced populations are needed. Here, we review the current empirical evidence from: (1) comparisons of phenotypic variation in natural populations; (2) comparisons of molecular variation with neutral genetic markers; (3) comparisons of quantitative genetic variation in a common environment; and (4) comparisons of phenotypic plasticity across different environments. Field data suggest that increased vigour and reduced herbivory are common in introduced plant populations. In molecular studies, the genetic diversity of introduced populations was not consistently different from that of native populations. Multiple introductions of invasive plants appear to be the rule rather than the exception. In tests of the EICA hypothesis in a common environment, several found increased growth or decreased resistance in introduced populations. However, few provided a full test of the EICA hypothesis by addressing growth and defence in the same species. Overall, there is reasonable empirical evidence to suggest that genetic differentiation through rapid evolutionary change is important in plant invasions. We discuss conceptual and methodological issues associated with cross-continental comparisons and make recommendations for future research. When testing for EICA, greater emphasis should be put on competitive ability and plant tolerance. Moreover, it is important to address evolutionary change in characteristics other than defence and growth that could play a role in plant invasions.

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Acknowledgements

This review originated from a workshop on evolution in invasions that was financially supported by the ESF European Science Foundation, the Stiftung Allgemeine Hypothekenbank, and the UFZ Centre for Environmental Research. WER and ES were supported by the US NSF, US EPA and USDA. We are grateful to Sarah Elmendorf, Gabi Jakobs, Jasmin Joshi, Annett Winkler for their unpublished data, and to Saara DeWalt for her thoughtful comments. Comments by Christian Körner and two anonymous reviewers greatly improved the quality of this manuscript.

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Author notes

  1. Oliver Bossdorf

    Present address: Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York, 650 Life Sciences Building, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5245, USA

  2. William E. Rogers

    Present address: Department of Rangeland Ecology and Management, Texas A&M University, 2126 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA

Authors and Affiliations

  1. UFZ – Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig-Halle, Department of Community Ecology, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120, Halle, Germany

    Oliver Bossdorf, Harald Auge & Daniel Prati

  2. Institut für Umweltwissenschaften, Universität Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland

    Oliver Bossdorf

  3. ISEM, cc 065, Université de Montpellier II, Place Eugene Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France

    Lucile Lafuma

  4. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Rice University, MS 170, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA

    William E. Rogers & Evan Siemann

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  1. Oliver Bossdorf
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Correspondence to Oliver Bossdorf.

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Communicated by Christian Koerner

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Bossdorf, O., Auge, H., Lafuma, L. et al. Phenotypic and genetic differentiation between native and introduced plant populations. Oecologia 144, 1–11 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-005-0070-z

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