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Changes in biomass, productivity and decomposition along topographical gradients under different geological conditions in tropical lower montane forests on Mount Kinabalu, Borneo

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Abstract

We have examined how the structure and function of a forest ecosystem change with topography (lower-slope versus ridge) and how the changes are modified by nutrient availability depending on geological substrate (Quaternary and Tertiary sedimentary rocks and ultrabasic rock) in the tropical montane rain forests of Mt. Kinabalu (Borneo) where climate is humid and aseasonal. Reflecting the difference in site age and parent rock, the pool size of soluble-P and inorganic-N in topsoils decreased from Quaternary sedimentary >Tertiary sedimentary >ultrabasic rock on the lower-slope, and they decreased from the lower-slope to the ridge on all substrates. Forest structural attributes [stature, above-ground biomass, and leaf area index (LAI)] decreased in the order of Quaternary sedimentary >Tertiary sedimentary >ultrabasic rock in association with soil nutrients on the lower-slopes, and decreased upslope consistently on each of the three substrates. Functional attributes [above-ground net primary productivity (ANPP) and decomposition rate] demonstrated similar patterns to structure. ANPP significantly correlated with LAI among the six sites, while net assimilation rate (ANPP divided by LAI assuming an even productivity between above vs below-ground system) was nearly constant. Therefore, ANPP could be explained primarily by LAI. Topographical change in LAI could be explained by leaf mass per area (LMA) combined with stand-level leaf biomass. LMA increased upslope on all substrates in association with the decrease in individual leaf area. Stand-level leaf biomass decreased upslope on all substrates but the Tertiary sedimentary rock. Our study demonstrated that topography and geological substrates interactively affected forest structure and processes. The effect of topography on forest structure and processes was greater on nutrient-rich substrates than on poor substrates, and the effect of geological substrate was greater on lower-slopes than on ridges.

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Acknowledgements

This study was supported by a grant from the Environmental Agency and the Science and Technology Agency of Japan to K.K. and supplemented by a Domestic Research Fellowship of the Japan Science and Technology Corporation to M.T. and by a Research Fellowship of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science for Young Scientists to S.A. We thank the following persons: Datuk L. Ali, F. Liew, J. Nais and R. Repin of the Sabah Parks for assisting every aspect of our research; K. Kimura, N. Nomura, T. Shumiya and many other people for assisting with fieldwork, and M. Okazaki and K. Toyoda for valuable comments. This is a contribution to TEMA, a Japanese core research of IGBP-GCTE.

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  1. Kanehiro Kitayama

    Present address: Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Kamitanakami Hirano-cho, Ohtsu, 520–2113, Shiga, Japan

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Japanese Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba Norin Kenkyu Danchi, P.O. Box 16, 305–8687, Ibaraki, Japan

    Masaaki Takyu & Kanehiro Kitayama

  2. Faculty of Science, Kagoshima University, Korimoto, 890–0065, Kagoshima, Japan

    Shin-Ichiro Aiba

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  1. Masaaki Takyu
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  2. Shin-Ichiro Aiba
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  3. Kanehiro Kitayama
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Correspondence to Masaaki Takyu.

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Takyu, M., Aiba, SI. & Kitayama, K. Changes in biomass, productivity and decomposition along topographical gradients under different geological conditions in tropical lower montane forests on Mount Kinabalu, Borneo. Oecologia 134, 397–404 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-002-1115-1

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