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The increase in the number of spines on the gonadotropin-releasing hormone neuron across pubertal development in rats

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Abstract

The onset of puberty is initiated by an increase in the release of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from GnRH neurons in the hypothalamus. However, the precise mechanism that leads to the activation of GnRH neurons at puberty remains controversial. Spines are small protrusions on the surface of dendrites that normally receive excitatory inputs. In this study, we analyzed the number and morphology of spines on GnRH neurons to investigate changes in synaptic inputs across puberty in rats. For morphological estimation, we measured the diameter of the head (DH) of each spine and classified them into small-type (DH < 0.65 μm), large-type (DH > 0.65 μm) and giant-type (DH > 0.9 μm). The greatest number of spines was observed at the proximal dendrite within 50 μm of the soma. At the soma and proximal dendrite, the number of spines was greater in adults than in juveniles in both male and female individuals. Classification of spines revealed that the increase in spine number was due to increases in large- and giant-type spines. To further explore the relationship between spines on GnRH neurons and pubertal development, we next analyzed adult rats neonatally exposed to estradiol benzoate, in which puberty onset and reproductive functions are disrupted. We found a decrease in the number of all types of spines. These results suggest that GnRH neurons become to receive more and greater excitatory inputs on the soma and proximal dendrites as a result of the changes that occur at puberty and that alteration to spines plays a pivotal role in normal pubertal development.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Dr. Toshio Akimoto (Division of Laboratory Animal Science, Nippon Medical School) for help in preparing and maintaining transgenic animals.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan

    Songzi Li, Ken Takumi, Norio Iijima & Hitoshi Ozawa

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  1. Songzi Li
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  2. Ken Takumi
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  3. Norio Iijima
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  4. Hitoshi Ozawa
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Correspondence to Hitoshi Ozawa.

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This work was supported by Grants-in-Aid from Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)-KAKENHI Grant no. 22590230, 26460323 to H.O. and 26670115 to N.I. and the supported program for Strategic Research Foundation at Private Universities by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT).

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Li, S., Takumi, K., Iijima, N. et al. The increase in the number of spines on the gonadotropin-releasing hormone neuron across pubertal development in rats. Cell Tissue Res 364, 405–414 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00441-015-2335-0

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00441-015-2335-0

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