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Crafting the Brain – Role of Histone Acetyltransferases in Neural Development and Disease

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Abstract

The human brain is a highly specialized organ containing nearly 170 billion cells with specific functions. Development of the brain requires adequate proliferation, proper cell migration, differentiation and maturation of progenitors. This is in turn dependent on spatial and temporal coordination of gene transcription, which requires the integration of both cell intrinsic and environmental factors. Histone acetyltransferases (HATs) are one family of proteins that modulate expression levels of genes in a space- and time-dependent manner. HATs and their molecular complexes are able to integrate multiple molecular inputs and mediate transcriptional levels by acetylating histone proteins. In mammals, 19 HATs have been described and are separated into five families (p300/CBP, MYST, GNAT, NCOA and transcription-related HATs). During embryogenesis, individual HATs are expressed or activated at specific times and locations to coordinate proper development. Not surprisingly, mutations in HATs lead to severe developmental abnormalities in the nervous system and increased neurodegeneration. This review focuses on our current understanding of HATs and their biological roles during neural development.

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Acknowledgments

I would like to thank Tim Thomas, Hannah Vanyai and Farrah El-Saafin for stimulating discussions and comments on the manuscript. My apologies to colleagues whose important research could not be discussed here due to space limitations. This work was supported by the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (scholarship to B.N.S.), operational infrastructure grants from the Australian Federal Government (IRISS) and the Victorian State Government (OIS).

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  1. Division of Development and Cancer, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, 3052, Victoria, Australia

    Bilal N. Sheikh

  2. Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3052, Victoria, Australia

    Bilal N. Sheikh

  3. 1G Royal Parade, Melbourne, 3052, Victoria, Australia

    Bilal N. Sheikh

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Sheikh, B.N. Crafting the Brain – Role of Histone Acetyltransferases in Neural Development and Disease. Cell Tissue Res 356, 553–573 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00441-014-1835-7

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