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Remodeling of the notochord during development of vertebral fusions in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

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Abstract

Histological characterization of spinal fusions in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) has demonstrated shape alterations of vertebral body endplates, a reduced intervertebral space, and replacement of intervertebral cells by ectopic bone. However, the significance of the notochord during the fusion process has not been addressed. We have therefore investigated structural and cellular events in the notochord during the development of vertebral fusions. In order to induce vertebral fusions, Atlantic salmon were exposed to elevated temperatures from fertilization until they attained a size of 15 g. Based on results from radiography, intermediate and terminal stages of the fusion process were investigated by immunohistochemistry and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Examination of structural extracellular matrix proteins such as Perlecan, Aggrecan, Elastin, and Laminin revealed reduced activity and reorganization at early stages in the pathology. Staining for elastic fibers visualized a thinner elastic membrane surrounding the notochord of developing fusions, and immunohistochemistry for Perlecan showed that the notochordal sheath was stretched during fusion. These findings in the outer notochord correlated with the loss of Aggrecan- and Substance-P-positive signals and the further loss of vacuoles from the chordocytes in the central notochord. At more progressed stages of fusion, chordocytes condensed, and the expression of Aggrecan and Substance P reappeared. The hyperdense regions seem to be of importance for the formation of notochordal tissue into bone. Thus, the remodeling of notochord integrity by reduced elasticity, structural alterations, and cellular changes is probably involved in the development of vertebral fusions.

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Abbreviations

AF:

Anulus fibrosus

bp:

Base pair

Col2:

Collagen type 2

DAPI:

4,6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole

Ef1a:

Elongation factor 1

GBM:

Glomerular kidney membrane

IDD:

Intervertebral disc degeneration

IVD:

Intervertebral disk

PBS:

Phosphate-buffered saline

PG:

Proteoglycan

qPCR:

Quantitative polymerase chain reaction

RT:

Reverse transcription

runx2:

Runt-related transcription factor 2

Sox9:

(Sex determining region Y) box 9

SP:

Substance P

Zn12:

Zebrafish neuron marker 12

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Nofima Marine AS, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Norwegian Institute of Food, P.O. Box 5010, Aas, N-1432, Norway

    Elisabeth Ytteborg, Jacob Seilø Torgersen & Harald Takle

  2. Nofima Food AS, Aas, N-1430, Norway

    Mona E. Pedersen & Kirsten O. Hannesson

  3. Nofima Marine AS, Sunndalsøra, N-6600, Norway

    Grete Baeverfjord

  4. AVS Chile, Imperial 0655, Of. 3A, Puerto Varas, Chile

    Harald Takle

  5. Department of Animal and Aquaculture Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, Aas, N-1432, Norway

    Elisabeth Ytteborg

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  1. Elisabeth Ytteborg
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  2. Jacob Seilø Torgersen
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  3. Mona E. Pedersen
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  4. Grete Baeverfjord
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  5. Kirsten O. Hannesson
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  6. Harald Takle
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Correspondence to Harald Takle.

Additional information

This study was supported by the Norwegian Research Council (project no. 172483) and EU (COLL-CT-2005-012451, FINE FISH).

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Fig. S1

Western blot of (a) Zn12 (standard in lane 1 Novex Sharp Pre-Stained Protein Standards, Invitrogen), (b) Aggrecan, and (c) Perlecan. (JPEG 5925 kb)

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Ytteborg, E., Torgersen, J.S., Pedersen, M.E. et al. Remodeling of the notochord during development of vertebral fusions in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Cell Tissue Res 342, 363–376 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00441-010-1069-2

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