Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common congenital malformation, with evidence of a strong genetic component. We analyzed data from 223 consecutively ascertained families, each consisting of at least one child affected by a conotruncal defect (CNT) or hypoplastic left heart disease (HLHS) and both parents. The NimbleGen HD2-2.1 comparative genomic hybridization platform was used to identify de novo and rare inherited copy number variants (CNVs). Excluding 10 cases with 22q11.2 DiGeorge deletions, we validated de novo CNVs in 8 % of 148 probands with CNTs, 12.7 % of 71 probands with HLHS and none in 4 probands with both. Only 2 % of control families showed a de novo CNV. We also identified a group of ultra-rare inherited CNVs that occurred de novo in our sample, contained a candidate gene for CHD, recurred in our sample or were present in an affected sibling. We confirmed the contribution to CHD of copy number changes in genes such as GATA4 and NODAL and identified several genes in novel recurrent CNVs that may point to novel CHD candidate loci. We also found CNVs previously associated with highly variable phenotypes and reduced penetrance, such as dup 1q21.1, dup 16p13.11, dup 15q11.2-13, dup 22q11.2, and del 2q23.1. We found that the presence of extra-cardiac anomalies was not related to the frequency of CNVs, and that there was no significant difference in CNV frequency or specificity between the probands with CNT and HLHS. In agreement with other series, we identified likely causal CNVs in 5.6 % of our total sample, half of which were de novo.
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Acknowledgments
We thank the families and their doctors whose cooperation made this study possible. We thank Alma Cruz, Renee Davenport, Alyssa Lanz and Michele Waste who carried out the fieldwork. We thank Drs. Stephanie Levasseur and the late Charles Kleinman, who assisted in diagnostic reviews. We thank Ann Kinney who carried out the statistical programming. This research was supported by NIH grant R01HL-080146 from NHLBI to DW and MW. The research was also supported in part by the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, through Grant Number UL1 TR000040, formerly the National Center for Research Resources, Grant Number UL1 RR024156.
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D. Warburton, M. Ronemus, and J. Kline contributed equally to this work.
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Warburton, D., Ronemus, M., Kline, J. et al. The contribution of de novo and rare inherited copy number changes to congenital heart disease in an unselected sample of children with conotruncal defects or hypoplastic left heart disease. Hum Genet 133, 11–27 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00439-013-1353-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00439-013-1353-9