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Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia

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Abstract

Analysis of 89 biallelic polymorphisms in 523 Turkish Y chromosomes revealed 52 distinct haplotypes with considerable haplogroup substructure, as exemplified by their respective levels of accumulated diversity at ten short tandem repeat (STR) loci. The major components (haplogroups E3b, G, J, I, L, N, K2, and R1; 94.1%) are shared with European and neighboring Near Eastern populations and contrast with only a minor share of haplogroups related to Central Asian (C, Q and O; 3.4%), Indian (H, R2; 1.5%) and African (A, E3*, E3a; 1%) affinity. The expansion times for 20 haplogroup assemblages was estimated from associated STR diversity. This comprehensive characterization of Y-chromosome heritage addresses many multifaceted aspects of Anatolian prehistory, including: (1) the most frequent haplogroup, J, splits into two sub-clades, one of which (J2) shows decreasing variances with increasing latitude, compatible with a northward expansion; (2) haplogroups G1 and L show affinities with south Caucasus populations in their geographic distribution as well as STR motifs; (3) frequency of haplogroup I, which originated in Europe, declines with increasing longitude, indicating gene flow arriving from Europe; (4) conversely, haplogroup G2 radiates towards Europe; (5) haplogroup E3b3 displays a latitudinal correlation with decreasing frequency northward; (6) haplogroup R1b3 emanates from Turkey towards Southeast Europe and Caucasia and; (7) high resolution SNP analysis provides evidence of a detectable yet weak signal (<9%) of recent paternal gene flow from Central Asia. The variety of Turkish haplotypes is witness to Turkey being both an important source and recipient of gene flow.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to all the donors for providing DNA samples for this study. This study was supported by NIH grants GM28428 and GM 55273 to L.L.C-S and by Progetti Ricerca Interesse Nazionale 2002 and CNR “Beni Culturali” to O.S. We thank C. Edmonds for regression analyses associated with DYS389 calibration.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5120, USA

    Cengiz Cinnioğlu, Gianpiero L. Cavalleri, Anita S. Lillie, Alice A. Lin, Kristina Prince, L. Luca Cavalli-Sforza & Peter A. Underhill

  2. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA

    Roy King

  3. Estonian Biocentre and Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia

    Toomas Kivisild

  4. Institute of Forensic Sciences, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey

    Cengiz Cinnioğlu, Ersi Kalfoğlu & Sevil Atasoy

  5. Anthropological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA

    Charles C. Roseman

  6. Stanford Genome Technology Center, Palo Alto, California, USA

    Peter J. Oefner & Peidong Shen

  7. Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy

    Ornella Semino

Authors
  1. Cengiz Cinnioğlu
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  2. Roy King
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  3. Toomas Kivisild
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  4. Ersi Kalfoğlu
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  5. Sevil Atasoy
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  6. Gianpiero L. Cavalleri
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  7. Anita S. Lillie
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  8. Charles C. Roseman
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  9. Alice A. Lin
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  10. Kristina Prince
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  11. Peter J. Oefner
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  12. Peidong Shen
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  13. Ornella Semino
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  14. L. Luca Cavalli-Sforza
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  15. Peter A. Underhill
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Peter A. Underhill.

Appendices

Electronic-database information

BATWING. Bayesian analysis of trees with internal node generation, http://www.maths.abdn.ac.uk/~ijw (Aberdeen, UK: Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Aberdeen).

Appendix

Table A

The distribution of Y-chromosome haplotypes in nine regions of Turkey (the populations are grouped as given in Fig. 3):

Haplotype number

Haplogroup

Region

Allele status at

Total

DYS19

DYS388

DYS390

DYS391

DYS392

DYS393

DYS389I(CD)

DYS389II(AB)

DYS439

DYSA7.2

1

A3b2-M13

8

15

11

21

10

11

13

13

17

12

11

1

2

A3b2-M13

8

16

11

21

10

11

12

13

18

14

10

1

3

C*-M216

2

14

13

25

9

11

11

13

19

11

10

1

4

C*-M216

9

15

13

25

11

11

13

14

16

11

11

1

5

C3-M217

3

15

13

24

10

11

13

13

16

12

9

1

6

C3-M217

9

15

13

23

9

11

13

15

16

11

10

1

7

C3-M217

9

15

13

24

10

11

13

13

16

12

11

1

8

C3-M217

7

16

13

25

9

13

13

14

16

11

10

1

9

C3-M217

9

17

15

25

10

11

13

13

17

10

10

1

10

E3*-PN2

9

13

12

20

10

11

13

14

17

12

10

1

11

E3*-PN2

9

14

12

21

10

11

13

13

18

13

10

1

12

E3a-M2

9

14

12

21

10

11

13

13

16

11

10

1

13

E3b1-M78

1, 2, 4, 6

13

12

24

10

11

13

13

17

12

10

7

14

E3b1-M78

1, 3, 5

13

12

24

10

11

13

14

17

12

10

3

15

E3b1-M78

1, 3, 4

13

12

24

10

11

13

13

18

12

10

3

16

E3b1-M78

1

13

12

24

11

11

13

14

19

12

10

1

17

E3b1-M78

1

13

12

26

10

11

13

14

17

13

10

1

18

E3b1-M78

1

13

12

24

10

11

13

15

17

13

10

1

19

E3b1-M78

4

13

12

24

10

11

13

12

17

10

10

1

20

E3b1-M78

4

13

12

25

10

11

13

13

17

12

11

1

21

E3b1-M78

4

13

12

25

11

11

13

13

17

13

10

1

22

E3b1-M78

6

13

12

24

10

11

13

13

17

12

10

1

23

E3b1-M78

7

13

12

24

10

11

13

14

17

11

10

1

24

E3b1-M78

8

13

12

25

10

11

13

13

17

13

9

1

25

E3b1-M78

9

13

12

23

10

11

13

13

17

12

9

1

26

E3b1-M78

9

13

12

24

10

11

13

13

18

12

11

1

27

E3b1-M78

9

13

12

26

10

11

13

13

18

11

10

1

28

E3b1-M78

9

13

12

23

10

11

13

14

17

12

10

1

29

E3b2-M81

7

13

12

24

9

11

13

14

16

11

11

1

30

E3b3-M123

4, 5, 9

13

12

22

10

11

13

12

18

12

10

4

31

E3b3-M123

3, 9

13

12

23

9

11

14

14

18

13

9

3

32

E3b3-M123

1

13

12

24

10

11

13

13

20

13

10

1

33

E3b3-M123

3

13

12

24

9

11

14

14

17

11

9

1

34

E3b3-M123

3

13

12

24

10

11

13

13

19

11

10

1

35

E3b3-M123

3

13

12

26

9

11

13

13

18

11

10

1

36

E3b3-M123

4

13

11

24

10

11

13

13

15

13

10

1

37

E3b3-M123

4

13

12

23

10

12

13

13

19

11

10

1

38

E3b3-M123

4

13

12

24

10

11

13

13

18

13

10

1

39

E3b3-M123

4

13

12

24

10

11

13

13

18

13

10

1

40

E3b3-M123

5

13

12

22

10

11

14

12

18

12

10

1

41

E3b3-M123

6

13

12

23

10

12

13

12

17

12

11

1

42

E3b3-M123

6

13

12

24

10

11

13

13

18

12

8

1

43

E3b3-M123

7

13

12

21

10

11

13

12

18

12

10

1

44

E3b3-M123

7

13

12

23

8

11

13

12

19

10

11

1

45

E3b3-M123

7

13

12

25

10

11

13

12

16

13

11

1

46

E3b3-M123

7

13

12

25

9

11

13

13

18

12

9

1

47

E3b3-M123

8

13

12

21

9

11

14

14

17

12

9

1

48

E3b3-M123

9

13

12

22

10

11

13

12

18

11

10

1

49

E3b3-M123

9

13

12

24

10

11

13

12

18

12

11

1

50

E3b3-M123

7

14

12

24

10

11

13

13

17

11

10

1

51

E3b3-M123

7

14

12

24

9

11

14

14

17

11

9

1

52

E3b3-M123

1

15

12

23

10

11

13

13

17

11

9

1

53

E3b3-M123

6

15

12

23

9

11

14

14

19

12

9

1

54

G*-M201

4

16

12

23

10

11

13

13

16

11

10

1

55

G1a-P20

3

15

12

24

12

12

13

13

17

13

11

1

56

G1a–P20

3

15

12

23

10

12

13

13

17

13

11

1

57

G1a–P20

3

16

12

23

10

12

13

13

17

12

10

1

58

G1a–P20

3

16

12

23

10

12

13

13

17

13

11

1

59

G1*-M342

3

15

12

23

11

12

15

12

16

11

10

1

60

G2*-P15

4, 5, 9

15

13

22

10

11

13

13

17

11

10

5

61

G2*-P15

3, 7

15

12

20

10

11

14

12

16

13

9

3

62

G2*-P15

5, 7

15

12

23

10

11

14

12

17

11

9

2

63

G2*-P15

8

14

12

21

10

11

14

12

18

11

10

1

64

G2*-P15

4

14

12

22

10

11

14

12

17

11

10

1

65

G2*-P15

3

15

11

21

10

11

14

12

18

12

10

1

66

G2*-P15

6

15

12

21

10

11

15

12

16

11

9

1

67

G2*-P15

6

15

12

21

10

11

15

12

17

14

9

1

68

G2*-P15

7

15

12

21

10

11

14

13

16

11

9

1

69

G2*-P15

3

15

12

21

10

11

14

12

16

11

9

1

70

G2*-P15

7

15

12

21

10

11

13

12

16

11

9

1

71

G2*-P15

7

15

12

21

10

11

15

12

16

11

9

1

72

G2*-P15

4

15

12

21

10

11

14

12

17

11

9

1

73

G2*-P15

3

15

12

21

10

11

15

12

16

11

9

1

74

G2*-P15

3

15

12

21

10

11

14

12

16

12

9

1

75

G2*-P15

8

15

12

21

8

11

15

12

17

13

9

1

76

G2*-P15

8

15

12

21

8

11

15

12

16

13

9

1

77

G2*-P15

5

15

12

21

10

11

14

12

18

11

9

1

78

G2*-P15

3

15

12

21

10

11

15

12

18

11

9

1

79

G2*-P15

9

15

12

21

11

11

14

12

16

12

9

1

80

G2*-P15

2

15

12

21

10

11

14

12

16

11

9

1

81

G2*-P15

4

15

12

22

10

11

14

12

18

11

10

1

82

G2*-P15

4

15

12

22

10

10

14

12

18

11

11

1

83

G2*-P15

8

15

12

22

10

10

14

13

17

12

11

1

84

G2*-P15

6

15

12

22

10

11

14

12

16

12

9

1

85

G2*-P15

9

15

12

22

10

10

14

11

17

12

10

1

86

G2*-P15

7

15

12

23

10

11

14

12

16

12

10

1

87

G2*-P15

2

15

12

23

10

11

14

12

18

11

9

1

88

G2*-P15

7

15

12

23

10

12

14

13

18

11

10

1

89

G2*-P15

8

15

13

21

11

11

14

12

18

12

9

1

90

G2*-P15

7

15

13

21

10

11

15

12

17

11

9

1

91

G2*-P15

7

16

12

22

10

10

13

12

17

11

10

1

92

G2*-P15

2

16

12

22

10

10

14

12

17

13

10

1

93

G2*-P15

5

16

12

22

11

10

14

12

17

12

9

1

94

G2*-P15

9

16

13

21

10

11

14

12

16

12

9

1

95

G2*-P15

7

17

12

21

10

11

15

12

16

11

9

1

96

G2*-P15

1

17

12

22

10

11

14

12

17

11

10

1

97

G2a-P16

5, 9

15

12

22

10

10

14

11

16

12

10

2

98

G2a-P16

3

15

12

22

10

11

14

12

17

11

10

1

99

G2a-P16

9

15

12

22

10

10

15

12

17

12

10

1

100

G2a-P16

7

16

12

22

10

10

14

13

17

12

10

1

101

G2b-M286

1

15

12

22

10

11

15

13

17

12

11

1

102

G3-M287

8

15

12

22

10

10

13

12

17

11

10

1

103

H*-M52

7

15

12

22

10

11

12

13

16

11

10

1

104

H*-M52

4

15

13

22

10

12

12

14

17

11

10

1

105

H1a-M370

1

15

12

22

10

11

12

14

16

11

10

1

106

I*-M170

1

14

14

22

10

11

13

12

16

10

10

1

107

I*-M170

9

14

13

21

10

11

13

13

17

10

11

1

108

I*-M170

9

15

13

24

10

11

14

13

17

12

10

1

109

I*-M170

1

15

13

24

10

11

15

14

17

12

10

1

110

I*-M170

3

15

13

24

10

11

13

13

17

11

10

1

111

I*-M170

7

15

13

24

10

11

14

14

17

13

10

1

112

I1a-M253

2, 5, 7

14

14

23

10

11

13

12

16

12

10

3

113

I1a-M253

1

14

14

23

10

12

13

12

16

11

10

1

114

I1a-M253

1

14

14

23

10

11

14

12

16

10

10

1

115

I1a-M253

6

15

14

23

10

11

13

12

17

11

10

1

116

I1b*-P37

5, 9

16

13

24

11

11

13

13

18

12

10

2

117

I1b*-P37

8

15

13

24

11

11

13

13

19

12

10

1

118

I1b*-P37

9

15

13

24

11

11

13

13

18

13

10

1

119

I1b*-P37

1

16

13

24

11

11

13

14

18

12

9

1

120

I1b*-P37

3

16

13

24

11

11

13

13

18

12

11

1

121

I1b*-P37

7

16

13

24

10

11

13

12

18

11

9

1

122

I1b*-P37

9

16

13

24

10

11

13

13

17

12

10

1

123

I1b*-P37

9

16

13

24

12

11

13

13

18

12

10

1

124

I1b*-P37

9

16

13

24

11

11

13

13

19

12

10

1

125

I1b*-P37

2

17

13

24

10

11

13

13

19

11

11

1

126

I1b*-P37

8

17

13

24

10

11

13

13

19

13

10

1

127

I1b1-M359

9

16

13

24

11

11

13

12

18

14

10

1

128

I1c-M223

1

15

13

23

10

12

14

13

16

12

10

1

129

I1c-M223

2

15

13

23

10

12

13

14

16

12

12

1

130

I1c-M223

7

15

13

23

10

11

14

14

17

11

9

1

131

J*-M304

5

15

12

23

10

11

14

13

18

11

9

1

132

J1*-M267

4

13

15

25

10

11

12

12

17

12

9

2

133

J1*-M267

3, 4

14

13

23

10

11

12

14

18

11

9

2

134

J1*-M267

3, 7

14

13

23

10

11

12

13

16

12

10

2

135

J1*-M267

2, 7

14

15

25

9

11

12

13

17

12

9

2

136

J1*-M267

6

14

16

23

10

11

12

13

18

11

9

2

137

J1*-M267

3, 9

14

17

23

11

11

12

13

17

11

9

2

138

J1*-M267

4 ,9

14

17

24

10

11

12

13

17

11

9

2

139

J1*-M267

1

15

16

23

10

11

12

13

16

11

9

2

140

J1*-M267

3

14

13

23

10

11

12

14

18

11

9

1

141

J1*-M267

3

14

13

23

10

11

12

14

19

11

11

1

142

J1*-M267

1

14

13

23

10

11

12

14

16

11

10

1

143

J1*-M267

8

14

15

24

10

13

12

13

16

12

9

1

144

J1*-M267

9

14

15

25

11

11

12

13

16

12

9

1

145

J1*-M267

3

14

15

25

10

11

12

13

17

12

10

1

146

J1*-M267

7

14

16

21

10

11

12

13

18

13

9

1

147

J1*-M267

1

14

16

21

10

11

12

13

17

11

9

1

148

J1*-M267

5

14

16

22

10

11

12

13

17

12

9

1

149

J1*-M267

6

14

16

23

10

11

12

13

16

11

9

1

150

J1*-M267

6

14

16

23

10

11

12

13

15

11

9

1

151

J1*-M267

5

14

16

23

10

11

12

13

18

12

9

1

152

J1*-M267

7

14

16

23

10

11

12

13

16

12

9

1

153

J1*-M267

3

14

16

23

10

11

12

13

17

12

9

1

154

J1*-M267

4

14

16

24

10

13

13

13

16

12

9

1

155

J1*-M267

3

14

16

24

9

11

12

13

18

12

9

1

156

J1*-M267

4

14

17

23

11

11

12

14

17

12

9

1

157

J1*-M267

1

14

17

23

11

11

12

13

17

10

9

1

158

J1*-M267

4

14

17

23

9

11

12

13

18

12

9

1

159

J1*-M267

9

14

17

23

10

11

12

13

17

11

9

1

160

J1*-M267

9

14

17

23

11

11

12

12

16

12

9

1

161

J1*-M267

9

14

17

23

10

11

12

13

17

11

10

1

162

J1*-M267

7

14

17

24

10

11

12

13

18

12

9

1

163

J1*-M267

4

15

13

23

9

11

12

14

17

11

10

1

164

J1*-M267

1

15

15

23

11

13

12

13

16

11

9

1

165

J1*-M267

6

15

15

23

11

11

12

13

17

12

9

1

166

J1*-M267

1

15

16

23

10

11

12

13

16

11

9

1

167

J1*-M267

1

15

16

24

10

11

12

13

17

11

11

1

168

J1a-M365

4

15

16

22

10

11

14

13

15

12

8

1

169

J1b-M368

2

14

15

22

10

11

12

13

17

12

11

1

170

J1c-M369

4

14

16

23

10

11

12

13

17

11

9

1

171

J2*-M172

4

16

15

23

10

11

12

13

16

11

12

5

172

J2*-M172

4, 7

14

15

23

10

11

12

14

16

11

10

3

173

J2*-M172

7

15

16

23

9

11

12

13

16

11

12

2

174

J2*-M172

5, 6

15

15

23

11

11

12

13

16

11

12

2

175

J2*-M172

1

13

15

22

10

11

12

14

18

11

11

1

176

J2*-M172

7

13

15

23

10

11

12

13

16

11

10

1

177

J2*-M172

4

13

15

24

10

11

12

13

16

11

11

1

178

J2*-M172

7

13

17

23

11

11

12

12

14

11

11

1

179

J2*-M172

3

14

15

23

10

10

12

14

16

11

11

1

180

J2*-M172

3

14

15

24

10

10

12

13

16

11

11

1

181

J2*-M172

7

14

14

21

10

11

12

13

17

12

11

1

182

J2*-M172

2

14

14

23

10

11

12

13

16

12

11

1

183

J2*-M172

2

14

14

23

10

11

12

14

16

11

10

1

184

J2*-M172

1

14

14

24

10

11

12

13

16

11

11

1

185

J2*-M172

1

14

14

24

10

11

12

13

16

12

11

1

186

J2*-M172

8

14

14

24

10

11

12

13

16

13

11

1

187

J2*-M172

7

14

14

24

10

11

12

14

17

11

11

1

188

J2*-M172

9

14

15

22

9

11

12

14

15

11

10

1

189

J2*-M172

1

14

15

23

9

11

12

13

16

11

10

1

190

J2*-M172

8

14

16

22

9

11

12

14

16

10

9

1

191

J2*-M172

1

14

15

23

10

11

12

13

15

13

11

1

192

J2*-M172

4

14

15

23

10

11

12

14

16

11

11

1

193

J2*-M172

2

14

15

25

10

11

12

12

17

11

10

1

194

J2*-M172

7

14

16

23

10

11

12

12

16

13

9

1

195

J2*-M172

9

14

16

23

10

11

12

12

17

12

9

1

196

J2*-M172

3

14

16

25

10

11

12

13

16

13

10

1

197

J2*-M172

5

14

17

23

10

11

12

13

16

12

10

1

198

J2*-M172

3

14

17

23

10

11

12

12

16

14

11

1

199

J2*-M172

4

14

17

23

10

11

12

12

16

12

8

1

200

J2*-M172

5

14

17

23

10

11

12

12

16

12

10

1

201

J2*-M172

7

14

17

23

10

11

12

12

16

11

11

1

202

J2*-M172

1

14

14

24

10

11

13

13

16

11

11

1

203

J2*-M172

7

14

15

22

11

11

12

13

17

12

10

1

204

J2*-M172

1

14

15

23

11

11

12

13

17

11

11

1

205

J2*-M172

1

14

15

25

11

11

12

13

17

12

11

1

206

J2*-M172

7

14

15

25

11

11

12

14

17

12

10

1

207

J2*-M172

5

14

17

23

11

11

12

12

16

13

11

1

208

J2*-M172

7

14

17

23

11

11

12

12

17

12

10

1

209

J2*-M172

5

14

17

23

11

11

13

12

17

12

10

1

210

J2*-M172

2

15

16

23

9

11

12

14

16

11

11

1

211

J2*-M172

7

15

16

24

9

11

12

13

16

12

11

1

212

J2*-M172

6

15

15

24

9

11

15

13

16

12

10

1

213

J2*-M172

6

15

16

23

9

11

15

13

16

12

10

1

214

J2*-M172

2

15

14

24

10

11

12

13

18

13

11

1

215

J2*-M172

4

15

14

25

10

11

12

13

18

12

11

1

216

J2*-M172

3

15

15

22

10

11

12

13

17

11

10

1

217

J2*-M172

7

15

15

23

10

11

12

13

16

11

11

1

218

J2*-M172

4

15

15

23

10

11

12

13

16

11

12

1

219

J2*-M172

5

15

15

23

10

11

12

13

16

11

10

1

220

J2*-M172

9

15

15

23

10

11

12

13

17

12

10

1

221

J2*-M172

1

15

15

23

10

11

12

13

17

13

11

1

222

J2*-M172

6

15

15

23

10

11

12

13

18

12

11

1

223

J2*-M172

7

15

15

23

10

11

12

14

18

11

12

1

224

J2*-M172

7

15

15

23

10

11

12

13

18

11

11

1

225

J2*-M172

3

15

15

24

10

11

12

12

16

13

10

1

226

J2*-M172

3

15

15

24

10

11

12

12

16

12

10

1

227

J2*-M172

3

15

15

24

10

11

12

12

16

12

10

1

228

J2*-M172

6

15

15

24

10

11

12

13

17

11

11

1

229

J2*-M172

7

15

15

24

10

11

12

13

19

12

10

1

230

J2*-M172

4

15

15

25

10

11

12

13

17

11

10

1

231

J2*-M172

2

15

16

23

10

11

12

13

16

12

11

1

232

J2*-M172

9

15

16

23

10

11

12

13

17

11

11

1

233

J2*-M172

5

15

17

23

10

11

12

12

16

11

12

1

234

J2*-M172

2

15

15

24

11

11

12

13

16

13

11

1

235

J2*-M172

6

15

15

24

11

11

12

13

17

11

11

1

236

J2*-M172

5

16

15

23

10

11

12

13

17

12

12

1

237

J2*-M172

4

16

15

24

10

11

12

13

16

11

12

1

238

J2a-M47

9

14

15

23

10

11

12

13

16

11

9

2

239

J2a-M47

4

14

15

23

10

11

12

13

16

11

8

1

240

J2a-M47

7

14

15

21

10

11

12

13

16

11

9

1

241

J2a-M47

4

14

15

23

10

11

12

13

17

11

8

1

242

J2a-M47

9

14

15

23

10

11

12

14

17

11

10

1

243

J2d-M158

3

15

15

25

10

11

12

14

16

12

11

1

244

J2d-M158

5

15

17

23

10

11

12

12

16

11

11

1

245

J2e*-M12

4

15

15

24

11

11

12

12

15

12

8

2

246

J2e*-M12

3

15

15

23

10

11

12

12

16

11

8

1

247

J2e*-M12

4

15

15

24

11

11

12

12

15

13

8

1

248

J2e1-M241

9

15

14

24

10

11

12

12

16

11

8

1

249

J2e1-M241

9

15

15

24

10

11

12

12

16

12

8

1

250

J2e1-M241

6

15

16

24

10

11

12

12

15

11

8

1

251

J2e1-M241

5

16

15

24

10

11

13

12

16

11

7

1

252

J2e1-M241

5

17

15

25

10

11

13

12

16

11

7

1

253

J2f1-M92

1

14

15

22

10

11

12

13

15

12

10

1

254

J2f1-M92

7

14

15

22

10

11

12

13

16

11

11

1

255

J2f1-M92

1

14

15

22

10

11

12

13

16

11

10

1

256

J2f1-M92

7

14

15

22

10

11

12

13

17

12

11

1

257

J2f1-M92

7

14

15

22

10

11

12

13

17

11

10

1

258

J2f1-M92

8

14

15

22

10

11

12

12

17

11

11

1

259

J2f1-M92

7

14

16

23

10

11

12

13

17

11

11

1

260

J2f1-M92

4

14

15

22

11

11

12

13

16

11

11

1

261

J2f1-M92

3

14

15

23

11

11

12

14

17

12

10

1

262

J2f1-M92

7

14

15

22

11

12

12

13

17

11

11

1

263

J2f1-M92

9

15

15

22

9

11

12

13

15

11

11

1

264

J2f1-M92

9

15

15

22

9

11

12

13

NAb

12

11

1

265

J2f1-M92

1

15

15

22

10

12

13

13

18

11

11

1

266

J2f1-M92

7

17

15

22

10

11

12

13

15

11

11

1

267

J2f*-M67

1

14

15

22

9

11

12

13

16

11

11

1

268

J2f*-M67

2

14

15

23

10

11

12

14

16

11

11

1

269

J2f*-M67

9

14

15

23

10

11

12

13

16

11

10

1

270

J2f*-M67

3

14

15

23

10

11

12

14

16

10

9

1

271

J2f*-M67

1

14

15

23

10

11

12

14

17

11

11

1

272

J2f*-M67

9

14

15

23

10

11

12

14

17

12

12

1

273

J2f*-M67

3

14

15

23

10

11

12

13

17

11

12

1

274

J2f*-M67

9

14

15

23

10

11

13

15

18

12

11

1

275

J2f*-M67

3

14

15

23

11

11

12

13

17

11

11

1

276

J2f*-M67

9

14

15

23

11

11

12

14

17

11

11

1

277

J2f*-M67

7

14

15

23

11

11

12

13

17

12

11

1

278

J2f*-M67

1

14

15

24

10

11

12

13

16

11

11

1

279

J2f*-M67

1

14

16

23

10

11

12

13

17

11

10

1

280

J2f*-M67

7

14

16

23

10

11

12

14

17

11

10

1

281

J2f*-M67

3

14

16

23

10

11

12

14

17

13

12

1

282

J2f*-M67

6

14

16

23

10

11

12

13

18

11

9

1

283

J2f*-M67

4

14

16

23

10

11

12

13

18

11

11

1

284

J2f*-M67

9

15

14

23

11

11

12

13

16

10

10

1

285

J2f*-M67

3

15

15

23

11

13

12

13

18

11

11

1

286

J2g-M339

4

14

17

23

10

11

12

12

16

12

12

1

287

J2h-M340

8

14

14

24

10

11

12

14

16

14

10

1

288

K2-M70

7

14

12

24

10

13

13

13

16

11

9

2

289

K2-M70

3

13

12

23

10

13

13

14

16

12

9

1

290

K2-M70

9

13

12

24

10

13

13

14

16

11

9

1

291

K2-M70

3

13

13

23

10

13

13

14

16

12

9

1

292

K2-M70

5

14

12

22

10

13

13

14

16

11

9

1

293

K2-M70

4

14

12

23

10

13

14

14

16

12

9

1

294

K2-M70

5

14

12

24

10

13

13

14

16

11

9

1

295

K2-M70

7

14

12

24

11

13

14

13

17

12

10

1

296

K2-M70

6

14

13

22

9

11

13

13

17

12

9

1

297

K2-M70

9

14

14

23

11

13

13

13

17

12

9

1

298

K2-M70

9

15

12

23

11

14

12

13

17

12

9

1

299

K2-M70

8

16

13

24

11

13

13

14

16

13

9

1

300

L*-M11

1, 3

15

12

23

10

13

11

13

17

12

10

2

301

L*-M11

3

15

12

23

10

13

11

13

17

12

10

2

302

L*-M11

4, 9

16

12

24

10

15

11

13

16

11

10

2

303

L*-M11

7

12

12

22

10

14

11

12

16

12

9

1

304

L*-M11

7

12

12

22

10

14

11

12

16

13

9

1

305

L*-M11

8

14

13

23

9

14

11

13

17

11

12

1

306

L*-M11

4

15

12

23

11

15

11

13

17

12

10

1

307

L*-M11

3

15

12

23

10

13

11

13

17

13

10

1

308

L*-M11

3

15

12

23

10

15

11

13

17

13

9

1

309

L*-M11

3

15

12

23

11

13

11

13

17

13

10

1

310

L*-M11

3

15

12

23

10

13

11

13

17

13

10

1

311

L*-M11

9

15

12

23

10

13

11

13

17

12

10

1

312

L*-M11

3

15

12

23

10

13

12

13

17

12

10

1

313

L*-M11

3

15

12

23

10

13

11

13

18

13

10

1

314

L*-M11

7

15

12

23

10

14

11

14

17

12

10

1

315

L*-M11

9

16

12

23

10

16

11

14

17

12

10

1

316

L*-M11

3

16

12

23

11

13

13

13

17

12

10

1

317

L*-M11

9

16

12

23

10

14

11

13

17

14

10

1

318

L2-M349

4

14

12

23

10

14

12

14

16

13

9

1

319

N*-M231

3, 4

14

12

23

10

14

13

13

16

10

11

4

320

N*-M231

3

14

12

23

10

14

13

13

16

11

11

1

321

N*-M231

3

14

12

23

10

14

13

13

16

10

10

1

322

N*-M231

9

14

12

23

10

14

13

13

17

10

11

1

323

N*-M231

3

14

12

23

10

13

13

13

16

10

11

1

324

N*-M231

7

14

12

23

10

14

13

13

17

10

11

1

325

N*-M231

8

14

12

23

10

14

13

13

15

10

11

1

326

N*-M231

8

14

12

23

10

14

13

11

16

10

11

1

327

N*-M231

3

14

13

24

10

14

13

14

17

11

9

1

328

N*-M231

5

15

12

23

11

14

13

13

16

10

11

1

329

N*-M231

6

15

12

23

10

14

13

13

16

10

11

1

330

N*-M231

7

15

12

24

10

14

13

15

16

10

11

1

331

N3a-M178

7

14

12

23

10

14

14

14

16

10

10

1

332

N3a-M178

8

14

12

23

10

14

14

13

17

10

10

1

333

N3a-M178

9

14

12

23

11

17

15

14

16

10

10

1

334

N3a-M178

7

14

12

23

11

15

15

14

16

10

10

1

335

N3a-M178

7

15

12

23

11

14

14

14

16

11

10

1

336

O3-M122

3

15

10

23

10

14

12

12

15

12

11

1

337

Q*-M242

7

13

12

22

10

15

13

14

16

11

11

1

338

Q*-M242

4

13

12

22

10

15

13

13

16

12

11

1

339

Q*-M242

7

13

12

22

10

15

13

13

16

11

11

1

340

Q*-M242

8

13

12

22

10

15

13

13

17

12

11

1

341

Q*-M242

4

13

12

22

10

14

14

13

17

12

10

1

342

Q*-M242

7

13

12

22

9

15

13

13

16

12

11

1

343

Q*-M242

3

13

12

25

10

13

13

13

18

13

11

1

344

Q*-M242

4

14

12

22

11

15

13

13

16

11

12

1

345

Q*-M242

4

15

12

24

10

14

14

12

17

13

10

1

346

Q2-M25

4

13

12

23

10

16

13

13

15

13

10

1

347

R1*-M173

5

15

12

23

11

13

13

13

17

13

9

1

348

R1a1-M17

4, 5, 8

16

12

25

11

11

13

13

17

10

9

5

349

R1a1-M17

4

15

12

25

11

11

13

14

16

10

9

2

350

R1a1-M17

1, 9

17

12

25

11

11

13

13

17

11

10

2

351

R1a1-M17

7

14

13

25

11

11

13

13

17

11

9

1

352

R1a1-M17

3

15

12

24

10

11

13

12

17

10

9

1

353

R1a1-M17

5

15

12

24

12

11

13

13

17

10

9

1

354

R1a1-M17

4

15

12

25

11

11

13

13

18

10

9

1

355

R1a1-M17

5

15

12

25

11

11

13

13

17

10

9

1

356

R1a1-M17

7

15

12

25

11

11

13

14

16

11

10

1

357

R1a1-M17

3

15

12

25

11

11

14

14

16

10

9

1

358

R1a1-M17

4

15

12

25

11

11

13

14

18

10

9

1

359

R1a1-M17

9

15

12

25

10

11

13

13

17

10

9

1

360

R1a1-M17

4

15

12

25

11

11

13

12

17

10

9

1

361

R1a1-M17

7

15

12

25

11

11

13

13

19

10

9

1

362

R1a1-M17

5

16

11

25

10

11

13

13

15

11

9

1

363

R1a1-M17

7

16

12

23

11

11

13

13

17

11

9

1

364

R1a1-M17

9

16

12

24

11

11

13

13

17

10

9

1

365

R1a1-M17

3

16

12

24

10

11

13

13

18

11

9

1

366

R1a1-M17

6

16

12

24

11

11

13

13

17

10

9

1

367

R1a1-M17

3

16

12

24

11

11

13

13

16

10

9

1

368

R1a1-M17

7

16

12

25

10

11

13

13

16

11

9

1

369

R1a1-M17

9

16

12

25

10

11

13

14

17

10

9

1

370

R1a1-M17

1

16

12

25

11

11

14

13

19

10

9

1

371

R1a1-M17

9

16

12

25

11

11

13

12

18

11

9

1

372

R1a1-M17

9

16

12

25

10

11

13

13

17

10

10

1

373

R1a1-M17

4

16

12

25

11

11

13

12

18

11

9

1

374

R1a1-M17

5

16

12

25

10

11

13

13

17

10

9

1

375

R1a1-M17

6

16

12

26

10

11

13

13

18

10

10

1

376

R1a1-M17

9

16

12

26

10

11

13

13

16

11

9

1

377

R1a1-M17

6

17

12

25

11

11

13

13

18

10

10

1

378

R1b*-P25

2

15

12

24

10

14

13

13

16

12

10

1

379

R1b*-P25

4

15

13

23

10

13

13

13

16

13

9

1

380

R1b3-M269

1, 4, 6, 7

14

12

24

11

13

12

13

16

12

9

7

381

R1b3-M269

5, 6

14

12

25

11

13

12

13

16

11

9

3

382

R1b3-M269

7, 9

14

12

23

10

13

12

13

16

12

9

2

383

R1b3-M269

3, 5

14

12

24

10

13

12

13

16

12

11

2

384

R1b3-M269

4

14

12

24

11

13

12

13

16

13

9

2

385

R1b3-M269

3

14

12

24

11

13

13

12

16

14

9

2

386

R1b3-M269

1, 9

14

12

24

11

14

12

13

15

12

9

2

387

R1b3-M269

7, 8

15

12

24

11

13

12

13

16

12

9

2

388

R1b3-M269

3

13

12

24

11

13

12

13

17

14

9

1

389

R1b3-M269

4

13

12

25

11

13

12

13

16

12

9

1

390

R1b3-M269

9

13

12

25

11

13

12

13

18

11

9

1

391

R1b3-M269

8

13

12

25

11

13

12

13

17

12

9

1

392

R1b3-M269

2

14

12

23

11

13

13

13

15

12

10

1

393

R1b3-M269

9

14

12

23

10

14

12

13

15

12

9

1

394

R1b3-M269

4

14

12

23

11

11

12

13

15

12

9

1

395

R1b3-M269

3

14

12

23

11

13

12

13

16

11

10

1

396

R1b3-M269

2

14

12

23

10

13

12

14

17

12

10

1

397

R1b3-M269

7

14

12

24

10

12

12

13

16

12

10

1

398

R1b3-M269

9

14

12

24

10

13

12

13

18

11

9

1

399

R1b3-M269

2

14

12

24

10

13

12

14

16

13

10

1

400

R1b3-M269

5

14

12

24

10

14

12

12

15

12

10

1

401

R1b3-M269

5

14

12

24

10

14

12

12

15

12

9

1

402

R1b3-M269

2

14

12

24

10

14

12

13

15

13

9

1

403

R1b3-M269

3

14

12

24

10

14

12

12

15

12

10

1

404

R1b3-M269

7

14

12

24

10

14

12

13

16

13

9

1

405

R1b3-M269

7

14

12

24

10

14

12

13

15

11

10

1

406

R1b3-M269

3

14

12

24

10

15

12

13

15

12

9

1

407

R1b3-M269

7

14

12

24

11

12

12

14

16

11

9

1

408

R1b3-M269

4

14

12

24

11

13

12

13

16

13

9

1

409

R1b3-M269

4

14

12

24

11

13

12

13

16

11

9

1

410

R1b3-M269

1

14

12

24

11

13

12

13

16

13

10

1

411

R1b3-M269

7

14

12

24

11

13

12

14

16

11

9

1

412

R1b3-M269

2

14

12

24

11

13

12

13

16

13

9

1

413

R1b3-M269

6

14

12

24

11

13

13

14

16

11

10

1

414

R1b3-M269

6

14

12

24

11

13

13

14

16

11

10

1

415

R1b3-M269

6

14

12

24

11

13

13

13

16

12

10

1

416

R1b3-M269

8

14

12

24

11

13

13

13

16

12

11

1

417

R1b3-M269

9

14

12

24

11

13

13

13

16

11

9

1

418

R1b3-M269

9

14

12

24

11

13

13

13

16

12

9

1

419

R1b3-M269

3

14

12

24

11

13

13

13

16

12

11

1

420

R1b3-M269

9

14

12

24

11

13

14

12

16

11

9

1

421

R1b3-M269

7

14

12

24

11

13

14

13

16

12

11

1

422

R1b3-M269

9

14

12

24

11

14

12

13

15

13

9

1

423

R1b3-M269

7

14

12

24

11

14

12

13

15

13

9

1

424

R1b3-M269

8

14

12

24

11

15

12

13

15

13

9

1

425

R1b3-M269

9

14

12

24

11

15

13

13

16

12

11

1

426

R1b3-M269

1

14

12

24

12

13

13

13

16

12

9

1

427

R1b3-M269

3

14

12

25

10

13

12

13

16

13

9

1

428

R1b3-M269

7

14

12

25

10

13

12

13

17

12

9

1

429

R1b3-M269

2

14

12

25

10

13

12

14

17

12

9

1

430

R1b3-M269

1

14

13

23

10

13

12

14

16

11

9

1

431

R1b3-M269

9

14

12

25

11

13

12

13

16

12

9

1

432

R1b3-M269

2

14

12

25

11

13

12

12

16

13

9

1

433

R1b3-M269

1

14

12

25

11

14

13

13

16

11

11

1

434

R1b3-M269

2

14

12

24

10

13

12

13

16

13

9

1

435

R1b3-M269

4

14

12

24

10

13

12

13

16

12

9

1

436

R1b3-M269

8

14

12

21

10

13

12

13

16

12

9

1

437

R1b3-M269

6

15

12

25

10

12

12

14

15

11

9

1

438

R1b3-M269

5

15

12

24

10

13

12

12

15

11

10

1

439

R1b3-M269

6

15

12

24

10

13

13

12

17

13

10

1

440

R1b3-M269

7

15

12

23

10

14

12

12

15

12

9

1

441

R1b3-M269

7

15

12

21

10

13

12

13

16

12

9

1

442

R1b2-M73

1

14

12

19

11

13

13

13

17

12

9

1

443

R1b2-M73

3

14

12

19

11

13

13

14

16

12

9

1

444

R1b2-M73

8

14

12

25

10

13

12

13

15

11

9

1

445

R1b2-M73

9

15

13

24

11

11

14

13

16

12

10

1

446

R1b4-M335

3

15

12

25

10

13

13

14

17

12

11

1

447

R1c-M343

3

15

12

24

10

13

13

14

17

11

10

1

448

R2-M124

1

14

11

21

10

10

14

14

16

11

11

1

449

R2-M124

7

14

13

23

10

10

14

14

17

10

10

1

450

R2-M124

5

15

12

23

10

10

14

14

16

11

10

1

451

R2-M124

2

15

12

23

10

10

14

12

16

10

9

1

452

R2-M124

5

15

12

23

10

10

14

14

16

11

10

1

Table B

The distribution of Y-chromosome haplotypes affiliated with haplogroup R1b3-M269 in five regions of Europe (the populations are grouped as given in Fig. 3):

Haplotype Number

Haplogroup

Population

Allele status at

Total

DYS19

DYS388

DYS390

DYS391

DYS392

DYS393

DYS389I

DYS389II

DYS439

DYSA7.2

1

R1b3-M269

W. Europe, Iberia

14

12

24

11

13

13

16

13

12

10

6

2

R1b3-M269

W. Europe

14

12

25

11

13

13

16

13

12

10

4

3

R1b3-M269

W. Europe

13

12

23

10

13

13

16

13

12

10

2

4

R1b3-M269

W. Europe

14

12

24

11

13

14

16

13

12

10

2

5

R1b3-M269

W. Europe, Iberia

15

12

24

11

13

13

16

13

12

10

2

6

R1b3-M269

W. Europe

14

12

24

11

13

13

16

13

11

10

1

7

R1b3-M269

W. Europe

14

12

24

10

14

13

16

13

13

10

1

8

R1b3-M269

W. Europe

14

12

25

11

14

13

16

13

12

11

1

9

R1b3-M269

W. Europe

14

13

24

11

13

13

17

13

12

10

1

10

R1b3-M269

Iberia

14

12

24

11

13

13

16

14

11

9

1

11

R1b3-M269

Iberia

14

12

23

10

13

13

16

14

12

10

1

12

R1b3-M269

Iberia

14

12

23

11

13

14

16

14

13

10

1

13

R1b3-M269

Iberia

14

12

25

10

13

12

16

13

13

10

1

14

R1b3-M269

Iberia

14

12

23

11

13

15

15

13

11

10

1

15

R1b3-M269

Iberia

14

12

24

11

13

13

16

14

11

10

1

16

R1b3-M269

Iberia

14

12

24

10

13

13

16

11

12

10

1

17

R1b3-M269

Iberia

14

12

23

10

13

13

16

13

13

10

1

18

R1b3-M269

Iberia

14

12

24

10

13

13

15

13

11

10

1

19

R1b3-M269

W. Europe

14

12

24

11

13

12

17

13

13

9

1

20

R1b3-M269

W. Europe

14

12

23

12

13

13

16

13

11

11

1

21

R1b3-M269

W. Europe

14

12

24

11

13

13

16

14

12

10

1

22

R1b3-M269

W. Europe

14

12

24

11

13

13

16

12

12

10

1

23

R1b3-M269

W. Europe

14

12

24

10

13

12

16

13

13

10

1

24

R1b3-M269

W. Europe

14

12

25

12

13

13

16

14

12

10

1

25

R1b3-M269

W. Europe

14

12

23

11

13

13

16

14

12

10

1

26

R1b3-M269

Iberia

14

12

24

11

13

13

17

13

12

10

1

27

R1b3-M269

W. Europe

14

12

25

10

13

13

16

13

12

10

1

28

R1b3-M269

W. Europe

14

12

24

11

13

14

16

13

13

10

1

29

R1b3-M269

W. Europe

14

12

24

11

13

12

16

12

13

9

1

30

R1b3-M269

W. Europe

14

12

25

11

13

12

17

13

12

9

1

31

R1b3-M269

W. Europe

14

12

24

10

13

13

17

13

11

10

1

32

R1b3-M269

W. Europe

14

12

24

10

13

13

16

13

13

10

1

33

R1b3-M269

W. Europe

14

12

25

11

12

13

16

13

12

10

1

34

R1b3-M269

W. Europe

14

12

23

10

13

13

16

13

12

11

1

35

R1b3-M269

W. Europe

14

12

24

11

13

13

16

13

13

10

1

36

R1b3-M269

W. Europe

14

11

24

11

13

13

16

13

12

10

1

37

R1b3-M269

W. Europe

14

12

24

10

13

13

18

13

12

9

1

38

R1b3-M269

W. Europe

14

12

24

10

13

13

16

13

11

10

1

39

R1b3-M269

W. Europe

14

12

25

10

13

13

16

13

11

10

1

40

R1b3-M269

W. Europe

14

12

23

11

13

13

18

13

11

10

1

41

R1b3-M269

W. Europe

14

12

23

11

13

13

16

13

12

10

1

42

R1b3-M269

W. Europe

14

12

24

12

13

13

15

13

13

10

1

43

R1b3-M269

Iberia

15

12

23

10

13

13

16

14

13

10

1

44

R1b3-M269

Iberia

15

12

24

10

13

13

17

14

12

10

1

45

R1b3-M269

W. Europe

15

12

23

11

13

13

16

14

12

11

1

46

R1b3-M269

W. Europe

15

12

23

10

14

12

16

14

12

10

1

47

R1b3-M269

W. Europe

15

12

24

10

13

13

16

14

12

10

1

48

R1b3-M269

W. Europe

15

12

24

11

13

13

15

13

11

11

1

49

p49a,f-Ht35

Balkan

14

12

24

11

13

13

16

13

12

9

7

50

p49a,f-Ht35

Balkan

14

12

24

10

13

13

16

13

12

9

2

51

p49a,f-Ht35

Balkan

14

12

24

10

13

12

16

13

12

9

2

52

p49a,f-Ht35

Turkey

14

12

24

11

13

12

16

13

12

9

2

53

p49a,f-Ht35

Balkan

14

12

24

10

11

12

16

13

13

9

1

54

p49a,f-Ht35

Balkan

14

12

24

11

13

12

16

13

12

10

1

55

p49a,f-Ht35

Balkan

14

12

24

11

13

12

17

12

12

9

1

56

p49a,f-Ht35

Balkan

14

12

25

11

13

12

16

13

11

10

1

57

p49a,f-Ht35

Balkan

14

12

24

10

13

12

17

13

12

9

1

58

p49a,f-Ht35

Balkan

14

12

24

10

13

12

17

13

11

9

1

59

p49a,f-Ht35

Balkan

14

12

23

10

13

13

16

12

11

10

1

60

p49a,f-Ht35

Balkan

14

12

24

10

13

12

17

14

13

9

1

61

p49a,f-Ht35

Balkan

14

12

23

10

13

12

17

13

13

9

1

62

p49a,f-Ht35

Balkan

15

12

24

11

13

12

15

13

13

9

1

63

p49a,f-Ht35

Georgia

14

12

23

11

13

12

16

13

12

9

1

64

p49a,f-Ht35

Georgia

15

12

24

11

13

12

17

12

12

9

1

65

p49a,f-Ht35

Georgia

14

12

23

10

13

12

16

13

12

9

1

66

p49a,f-Ht35

Georgia

14

12

22

10

13

13

17

13

12

9

1

67

p49a,f-Ht35

Georgia

14

12

24

11

13

12

16

13

11

9

1

68

p49a,f-Ht35

Georgia

14

12

23

10

13

12

17

13

12

9

1

69

p49a,f-Ht35

Georgia

14

12

24

11

14

12

16

14

11

9

1

70

p49a,f-Ht35

Georgia

14

12

24

10

13

13

16

14

12

9

1

71

p49a,f-Ht35

Georgia

14

12

23

11

13

12

17

13

11

9

1

72

p49a,f-Ht35

Georgia

14

12

24

11

13

12

17

13

12

9

1

73

p49a,f-Ht35

Georgia

14

12

24

11

13

12

16

13

11

10

1

74

p49a,f-Ht35

Georgia

14

12

23

11

13

12

16

13

12

9

1

75

p49a,f-Ht35

Georgia

14

12

25

10

13

12

17

13

12

10

1

76

p49a,f-Ht35

Georgia

14

12

24

12

13

12

16

13

11

9

1

77

p49a,f-Ht35

Georgia

14

12

24

11

11

12

16

13

12

9

1

78

p49a,f-Ht35

Turkey

14

12

23

11

13

12

17

13

12

9

1

79

p49a,f-Ht15

Iberia

14

12

24

11

13

13

16

14

11

10

2

80

p49a,f-Ht15

W. Europe, Iberia

14

12

24

11

13

13

16

13

12

10

2

81

p49a,f-Ht15

Iberia

14

10

24

11

13

13

16

12

11

10

1

82

p49a,f-Ht15

Iberia

14

12

24

11

13

13

17

14

12

10

1

83

p49a,f-Ht15

Iberia

14

12

24

11

13

12

16

14

12

10

1

84

p49a,f-Ht15

Iberia

14

12

24

10

13

13

16

14

11

10

1

85

p49a,f-Ht15

Iberia

14

12

24

11

13

13

16

14

12

10

1

86

p49a,f-Ht15

W. Europe

14

12

24

10

13

13

17

13

12

10

1

87

p49a,f-Ht15

W. Europe

14

12

25

11

13

13

18

13

12

10

1

88

p49a,f-Ht15

W. Europe

14

12

24

10

13

13

16

13

12

10

1

89

p49a,f-Ht15

Iberia

14

13

24

11

13

13

16

14

12

10

1

Total

111

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Cinnioğlu, C., King, R., Kivisild, T. et al. Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia. Hum Genet 114, 127–148 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00439-003-1031-4

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