Abstract
Northeastern Thailand comprises one-third of the country and is home to various populations, with Lao Isan constituting the majority, while others are considered minority groups. Previous studies on forensic short tandem repeats (STRs) in Thailand predominantly focused on autosomal STRs but there was a paucity of X-STRs, exclusively reported from the North and Central regions of the country. In this study, we have newly established a 12 X-STRs from a total of 896 samples from Northeastern Thailand, encompassing Lao Isan as the major group in the region, alongside nine minor populations (Khmer, Mon, Nyahkur, Bru, Kuy, Phutai, Kalueang, Nyaw, and Saek). Across all ten populations, the combined powers of discrimination in both genders were high and the combined mean exclusion chance (MEC) indices calculated for deficiency, normal trio and duo cases were also high (> 0.99999). DXS10148 emerged as the most informative marker, while DXS7423 was identified as the least informative. Genetic comparison based on X-STRs frequency supported genetic distinction of cerain minor groups such as Kuy, Saek and Nyahkur from other northeastern Thai groups as well as genetic differences according to the geographic region of Thai groups (Northeast, North and Central). In sum, the overall results on population genetics are in agreement with earlier reports on other genetic systems, indicating the informativeness of X-STRs for use in anthropological genetics studies. From a forensic perspective, despite the limitations of small sample sizes for minority groups, the present results contribute to filling the gap in the reference X-STRs database of the major group Lao Isan, providing valuable frequency data for forensic applications in Thailand and neighboring countries.
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Data availability
Raw genotypes of 12 X-STRs of females and males are shown in Online Resource 1, (ESM_1).
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Acknowledgements
We would like to thank all volunteers for donating their biological samples. This work has received scholarship under the Post-Doctoral Training Program from Khon Kaen University, Thailand (PD-2564-10). W.K. was also supported by Global and Frontier Research University Fund, Naresuan University (Grant number: R2566C051).
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Suparat Srithawong, Kanha Muisuk, Nonglak Prakhun and Wibhu Kutanan collected the samples. Suparat Srithawong, Kanha Muisuk and Nonglak Prakhun extracted DNA and performed genotyping. Suparat Srithawong designed the project, analyzed data and drafted the manuscript. Nisarat Tungpairojwong and Wibhu Kutanan designed the project, drafted and edited the manuscript.
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The rights of participants and their identity have been protected during the whole process of this research. All experiments were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations based on the experimental protocol on human subjects which was approved by the Khon Kaen University Ethic Committee (Protocol No. HE642161).
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Srithawong, S., Muisuk, K., Prakhun, N. et al. Forensic efficiency and genetic polymorphisms of 12 X-chromosomal STR loci in Northeastern Thai populations. Mol Genet Genomics 299, 42 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00438-024-02134-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00438-024-02134-5