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Molecular Genetics and Genomics

, Volume 291, Issue 5, pp 1955–1966 | Cite as

Evolutionary dynamics of Anolis sex chromosomes revealed by sequencing of flow sorting-derived microchromosome-specific DNA

  • Ilya G. KichiginEmail author
  • Massimo Giovannotti
  • Alex I. Makunin
  • Bee L. Ng
  • Marsel R. Kabilov
  • Alexey E. Tupikin
  • Vincenzo Caputo Barucchi
  • Andrea Splendiani
  • Paolo Ruggeri
  • Willem Rens
  • Patricia C. M. O’Brien
  • Malcolm A. Ferguson-Smith
  • Alexander S. Graphodatsky
  • Vladimir A. Trifonov
Original Article
First Online:

Abstract

Squamate reptiles show a striking diversity in modes of sex determination, including both genetic (XY or ZW) and temperature-dependent sex determination systems. The genomes of only a handful of species have been sequenced, analyzed and assembled including the genome of Anolis carolinensis. Despite a high genome coverage, only macrochromosomes of A. carolinensis were assembled whereas the content of most microchromosomes remained unclear. Most of the Anolis species have homomorphic XY sex chromosome system. However, some species have large heteromorphic XY chromosomes (e.g., A. sagrei) and even multiple sex chromosomes systems (e.g. A. pogus), that were shown to be derived from fusions of the ancestral XY with microautosomes. We applied next generation sequencing of flow sorting-derived chromosome-specific DNA pools to characterize the content and composition of microchromosomes in A. carolinensis and A. sagrei. Comparative analysis of sequenced chromosome-specific DNA pools revealed that the A. sagrei XY sex chromosomes contain regions homologous to several microautosomes of A. carolinensis. We suggest that the sex chromosomes of A. sagrei are derived by fusions of the ancestral sex chromosome with three microautosomes and subsequent loss of some genetic content on the Y chromosome.

Keywords

XY sex chromosomes Sex determining (SD) genes Squamata Reptilia 
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Notes

Compliance with ethical standards

Funding

The work was supported by the Budget Projects 0310-2014-0003, 0310-2014-0008, 0310-2014-0009 provided to Vladimir A. Trifonov, partly by RSF Grant No. 16-14-10009 provided to A. Graphodatsky, and by the funds provided by Ministry of Education, University and Research (Italy) (“Ricerche di citogenetica molecolare sui sistemi di determinazione del sesso nei rettili squamati, sottordine Sauria”; Grant number: PRIN2009/20093HYH97) to Vincenzo Caputo Barucchi.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare they have no competing interests.

Ethical approval

This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

Supplementary material

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Supplementary material 1 (XLS 81 kb)
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Supplementary material 2 (XLS 74 kb)
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Supplementary material 3 (DOCX 13 kb)

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Copyright information

© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2016

Authors and Affiliations

  • Ilya G. Kichigin
    • 1
    Email author
  • Massimo Giovannotti
    • 2
  • Alex I. Makunin
    • 1
  • Bee L. Ng
    • 3
  • Marsel R. Kabilov
    • 4
  • Alexey E. Tupikin
    • 4
  • Vincenzo Caputo Barucchi
    • 2
    • 5
  • Andrea Splendiani
    • 2
  • Paolo Ruggeri
    • 2
  • Willem Rens
    • 6
  • Patricia C. M. O’Brien
    • 6
  • Malcolm A. Ferguson-Smith
    • 6
  • Alexander S. Graphodatsky
    • 1
    • 7
  • Vladimir A. Trifonov
    • 1
    • 7
  1. 1.Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RASNovosibirskRussia
  2. 2.Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’AmbienteUniversità Politecnica delle MarcheAnconaItaly
  3. 3.Cytometry Core FacilityThe Wellcome Trust Sanger InstituteCambridgeUK
  4. 4.Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RASNovosibirskRussia
  5. 5.Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheIstituto di Scienze Marine Sezione Pesca MarittimaAnconaItaly
  6. 6.Cambridge Resource Centre for Comparative Genomics, Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
  7. 7.Novosibirsk State UniversityNovosibirskRussia

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