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Anthocyanin biosynthesis genes location and expression in wheat–rye hybrids

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Abstract

Studies into gene expression in a foreign background contribute toward understanding of how genes derived from different species or genera manages to co-exist in a common nucleus, on the one hand, and help to estimate possible effectiveness of wide hybridization for cultivated plant improvement, on the other hand. The aim of this study was to investigate conservation of wheat and rye expression networks, using the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway (ABP) genes as a model system. We isolated and analyzed ABP genes encoding enzymes acting at different steps of the pathway: chalcone-flavanone isomerase (CHI), flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H), anthocyanidin synthase (ANS), and anthocyanidin-3-glucoside rhamnosyltransferase (3RT). The rye ABP genes locations we determined (Chi on chromosome 5RL, F3h on 2RL, Ans on 6RL, 3Rt on 5RL, the regulatory Rc—red coleoptile—gene on 4RL) were in agreement with the rearrangements established between rye and wheat chromosomes. Expression of the ABP structural genes was studied in wheat–rye chromosome addition and substitution lines. F3h activation by the Rc gene was found to be critical for the red coleoptile trait formation. It was shown that the rye regulatory Rc gene can activate the wheat target gene F3h and vice versa wheat Rc induces expression of rye F3h. However, lower level of expression of rye F3h in comparison with that of the two wheat orthologues in the wheat–rye chromosome substitution line 2R(2D) was observed. Thus, although work of the wheat and rye ABP gene systems following the formation of wheat–rye hybrids is finely coordinated, some divergence exists between rye and wheat ABP genes, affecting level of gene expression.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Dr. A. Börner (IPK-Gatersleben, Germany) and Dr. O. G. Silkova (ICG, Novosibirsk, Russia) for supplying the seeds of wheat–rye addition lines and wheat–rye chromosome substitution line, respectively. We also thank the Russian foundation for basic research (08-04-00368-a), the Government of the Russian Federation (Contract No 02.512.11.2256), the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences, SB RAS (Integration Project 129), the Russian Science support foundation, and grant of the President of the Russian Federation (MK-566.2007.4) for financial support.

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  1. Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentjeva Ave. 10, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia

    Elena K. Khlestkina, Olesya Yu. Tereshchenko & Elena A. Salina

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  1. Elena K. Khlestkina
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  2. Olesya Yu. Tereshchenko
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  3. Elena A. Salina
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Correspondence to Elena K. Khlestkina.

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Communicated by P. Westhoff.

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Supplementary Fig. 1

Cluster analysis performed using MEGA v3.1 software for partial nucleotide sequences of Chi, F3h, Ans, and 3Rt determined in this study (underlined) and those of other species deposited in the GenBank (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Database/). For species with more than one Chi, F3h, or Ans gene, each copy is identified by a gene copy name. GenBank accession numbers are given to the right (PDF 82 kb)

Supplementary Fig. 2

qRT-PCR analysis of rye F3h expression in wheat–rye chromosome substitution line ‘L 2R(2D)’ and rye ‘Onokhoiskaya’. *, **the difference is significant at P > 0.95 and P > 0.99, respectively (PDF 12 kb)

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Khlestkina, E.K., Tereshchenko, O.Y. & Salina, E.A. Anthocyanin biosynthesis genes location and expression in wheat–rye hybrids. Mol Genet Genomics 282, 475–485 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00438-009-0479-x

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