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Evaluation of mechanical transmission of Trypanosoma vivax by Stomoxys calcitrans in a region without a cyclic vector

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Abstract

This work investigated the mechanical transmission of Trypanosoma vivax by Stomoxys calcitrans to cattle in a region without a cyclic vector. The study involved two experiments, one with calves experimentally infected with T. vivax, in the acute phase of trypanosomosis (Experiment 1) and the other in the chronic phase (Experiment 2). In both experiments, two transmission methods were used with flies that had not fed for 24 h or had never fed: (i) Method 1: flies released freely in cattle pens (≈3,300 flies/pen for 10 days); and (ii) Method 2: flies placed in a feeding chamber (12 flies/animal). To develop Method 1 in the two experiments (acute and chronic phases), T. vivax-positive animals were kept with T. vivax-negative animals. Periodically, the Brener method, Woo method, blood smears, cPCR, ELISA, IFAT, and Imunoteste® were performed to detect T. vivax in the animals. We also recorded the animals’ head tossing and hoof stomping and the number of flies near the pens’ inner walls. Subsequently, biological testing was performed using lambs. For Method 2 in both experiments, flies inside the feeding chamber first fed on T. vivax-positive animals and later on negative animals. In both experiments and methods, we examined the flies for the presence of T. vivax through blood smears and cPCR of the proboscis and abdomen. In Experiment 2 (chronic phase), a test was conducted to determine how long trypomastigotes forms could survive on the blood of animals with different levels of parasitemia. None of the animals (calves and lambs) became infected with T. vivax or showed antibodies against it. During the evaluation period, the animals in the presence of the flies exhibited more hoof stomping and head tossing compared to those without flies (control). Additionally, there was an increase in the number of flies in the pens during the experiment. Only in Experiment 1 (acute phase) were T. vivax trypomastigotes and DNA found in the abdomen of the flies but not in the proboscis. In Experiment 2 (chronic phase), higher concentrations of trypomastigotes per milliliter of blood were associated with a shorter the lifespan of this stage of the parasite. In conclusion, under the variable conditions of the experiments (hosts, number of flies, and level of parasitemia), S. calcitrans was unable to mechanically transmit T. vivax to cattle.

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Data availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Funding

This research was funded by Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES), Brazil – funding code 001 and National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), Brazil – WDZL scholarship 307733/2021–1.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária E Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil

    Luciana Maffini Heller, Thiago de Souza Azeredo Bastos, Dina María Beltrán Zapa, Igor Maciel Lopes de Morais, Vanessa Ferreira Salvador, Luccas Lourenzzo Lima Lins Leal, Luiz Fellipe Monteiro Couto & Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes

  2. Faculdade Anhanguera, Anápolis, Goiás, Brasil

    Thiago de Souza Azeredo Bastos

  3. Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária E Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil

    Lucianne Cardoso Neves, Warley Vieira de Freitas Paula & Felipe da Silva Krawczak

  4. Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil

    Lorena Lopes Ferreira

  5. Embrapa Gado de Corte, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso Do Sul, Brazil

    Antonio Thadeu Medeiros de Barros & Paulo Henrique Duarte Cançado

  6. Departamento de Patologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil

    Rosangela Zacarias Machado

  7. Universidade Brasil, Descalvado, São Paulo, Brazil

    Vando Edésio Soares

  8. Departamento de Clínica, Cirurgia E Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil

    Fabiano Antonio Cadioli

  9. Departamento de Biociências E Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical E Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil

    Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes

Authors
  1. Luciana Maffini Heller
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  2. Thiago de Souza Azeredo Bastos
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  3. Dina María Beltrán Zapa
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  4. Igor Maciel Lopes de Morais
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  5. Vanessa Ferreira Salvador
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  6. Luccas Lourenzzo Lima Lins Leal
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  7. Luiz Fellipe Monteiro Couto
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  8. Lucianne Cardoso Neves
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  10. Lorena Lopes Ferreira
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  12. Paulo Henrique Duarte Cançado
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  13. Rosangela Zacarias Machado
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  14. Vando Edésio Soares
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  15. Fabiano Antonio Cadioli
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  16. Felipe da Silva Krawczak
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  17. Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes
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Contributions

Conceptualization: LMH, TSAB, WDZL; Methodology: TSAB, ATMB, PHDC, FSK, WDZL; Investigation: LMH, DMBZ, IMLM, VFS, LLLLL, LFMC, LCN, WVFP, FSK; Data curation: LMH, RZM, FSK, WDZL; Formal analysis: VES, WDZL; Writing—original draft preparation: LLF, WDZL; Writing—review and editing: LLF, ATMB, PHDC, FAC, FSK, WDZL; Resources: WDZL; Supervision: WDZL.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes.

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Ethics approval

The project was approved by the Ethics Committee on the Use of Animals (CEUA) of the Federal University of Goiás (UFG) (Protocol 059/20), following ethical principles in animal experimentation.

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The authors obtained consent from the responsible authorities at the institute/organization where the work has been carried out before the work is submitted.

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All authors gave explicit consent to submit the work.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

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Section Editor: Van Lun Low

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Heller, L.M., Bastos, T.d., Zapa, D.M.B. et al. Evaluation of mechanical transmission of Trypanosoma vivax by Stomoxys calcitrans in a region without a cyclic vector. Parasitol Res 123, 96 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-023-08102-z

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