Abstract
Anti-Ascaris lumbricoides (Asc) IgE and IgG can immunomodulate the allergy; however, the influence of these isotypes has not been investigated in the giardiasis and allergy. Therefore, the frequency of respiratory allergy (RA) symptoms in Giardia lamblia–infected children, with or without anti-Asc IgE, IgG1, or IgG4 and Th1, Th2/Treg, and Th17 cytokine production, was evaluated. We performed a case–control study with children aged 2–10 years old selected by questionnaire and stool exams to form the groups: infected or uninfected with RA (G-RA, n = 55; nG-RA, n = 43); infected and uninfected without RA (G-nRA, n = 59; nG-nRA, n = 54). We performed blood leukocyte counts and in vitro culture. Cytokine levels in the supernatants (CBA), serum total IgE and anti-Asc IgE (ImmunoCAP), IgG1, IgG4, and total IgA (ELISA) were measured. Infection was not associated with allergy. Infected children showed increased levels of anti-Asc IgG1, IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-10. There was a lower frequency of allergy-related symptoms in anti-Asc IgG1–positive children than IgG1-negative (OR = 0.38; CI = 0.17–0.90, p = 0.027) and few eosinophils in G-RA than in G-nRA and more in G-nRA than in nG-nRA, whereas TNF-α levels were higher in the G-RA than in the nG-nRA group. For infected and positive anti-Asc IgG1, there was higher TNF-α and IL-10 production than G/-IgG1. IL-10 levels were lower in nG/ + IgG1 than in infected or non-infected, and both were negative for anti-Asc IgG1. Th1/Th2/IL-10 profiles were stimulated in the infected patients, and in those with circulating anti-Asc IgG1, the TNF-α production was strengthened with a lower risk for respiratory allergy symptoms.
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Acknowledgements
The Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico—CNPq supported this work (Process Number: 404413/2012-9). Ana Lucia Fontenelle received a Doctoral Fellowship from the FUNCAP (Fundação Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico).
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ANA LÚCIA ARRUDA FONTENELE: original draft preparation, methodology (patient selection, sample collection and leukogram); CASSIA GISELLE DE OLIVEIRA NÓBREGA: original draft preparation, methodology (cell culture and antibody titration), date analyses; WHEVERTON RICARDO CORREIA DO NASCIMENTO: methodology (patient selection, sample collection and cell culture), date analyses; PATRÍCIA D’EMERY ALVES SANTOS: methodology (patient selection and sample collection); VIRGINIA MARIA BARROS DE LORENA: methodology (cytokine measurement) and date analyses; DÉCIO MEDEIROS PEIXOTO: Conceptualization and methodology (skin allergy test and clinical examination of the patients); MÔNICA CAMELO PESSÔA DE AZEVEDO ALBUQUERQUE: methodology (supervision of the collection of biological samples and parasitological exams) and date analyses; DIRCEU SOLÉ: Conceptualization and methodology (antibody titration—Immunocap) and date analyses; VLÁUDIA MARIA ASSIS COSTA: Conceptualization, methodology (cell culture); EMANUEL SÁVIO CAVALCANTI SARINHO: Conceptualization and methodology (skin allergy test and clinical examination of the patients); VALDENIA MARIA OLIVEIRA DE SOUZA: Conceptualization and design of the work, supervision and date analysis. All authors reviewed and approved the manuscript.
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Fontenele, A.L.A., de Oliveira Nóbrega, C.G., do Nascimento, W.R.C. et al. Respiratory allergy symptoms and cytokine profiles in the presence of anti-Ascaris antibody in Giardia lamblia–infected children. Parasitol Res 122, 3147–3158 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-023-08005-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-023-08005-z