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Isolation, typing, and drug susceptibility of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum isolates from dogs of the municipality of Embu das Artes, an endemic region for canine leishmaniasis in Brazil

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Abstract

The parasitic protozoa Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum is the etiological agent of human visceral leishmaniasis and canine leishmaniasis in South America, where Brazil is the most affected country. This zoonotic disease is transmitted by the bite of an infected phlebotomine sand fly and dogs constitute the main domestic reservoir of the parasite. In this study, we screened 2348 dogs of the municipality of Embu das Artes, Brazil, for antibodies against the parasite. Prevalence for canine leishmaniasis seropositivity was 2.81%, as assessed using a Dual-Path Platform rapid test for canine leishmaniasis. Twenty-five seropositive dogs were euthanized for parasite isolation and 14 isolates were successful obtained. Nucleotide sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer confirmed the isolates to be L. (L.) infantum, and very low sequence variability was observed among them. The in vitro susceptibility to miltefosine and paromomycin was assessed and moderate variation in paromomycin susceptibility was found among the isolates in the promastigote and intracellular amastigote stages. On the other hand, in vitro susceptibility to miltefosine of these isolates was homogenous, particularly in the amastigote stage (EC50 values from 0.69 to 2.07 μM). In addition, the miltefosine sensitivity locus was deleted in all the isolates, which does not corroborate the hypothesis that the absence of this locus is correlated with a low in vitro susceptibility. Our findings confirm that the municipality of Embu das Artes is endemic for canine leishmaniasis and that isolates from this region are susceptible to paromomycin and miltefosine, indicating the potential of these drugs to be clinically evaluated in the treatment of human visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil.

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Data availability

The ITS sequences generated in this study have been deposited in the GenBank under accession numbers: OM033706 to OM033721.

Abbreviations

BMDM:

Bone marrow-derived macrophages

bp:

Base pair

CanL:

Canine leishmaniasis

DPP:

Dual-path platform

ITS:

Internal transcribed spacer

kb:

Kilobases

MF:

Miltefosine

MSL:

Miltefosine sensitivity locus

PCR:

Polymerase chain reaction

PM:

Paromomycin

VL:

Visceral leishmaniasis

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Acknowledgements

We thank Dra. Silvia Uliana for kindly providing the L. (L.) infantum and L. (L.) donovani strains used in this study. Further thanks to Maria das Graças B. F. Evangelista (in memoriam), Nilson Branco, and Camilo C. Janeri for technical assistance with the animals and the valuable laboratory support.

Funding

This work was supported by the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) (grant number 2016/21171–6). ACC has also, in part, received funding from UK Research and Innovation via the Global Challenges Research Fund under grant agreement ‘A Global Network for Neglected Tropical Diseases’ (grant number MR/P027989/1). BAF, EMC, and TFCM were fellows supported by FAPESP (2017/18488–4 and 2020/01948–1, 2018/03299–0, and 2011/04487–6 respectively).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil

    Bianca A. Ferreira, Elizabeth M. Coser, Viviane da L. Oliveira & Adriano C. Coelho

  2. Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

    Thaynan F. C. Martins, Edite H. Yamashiro-Kanashiro & Paulo C. Cotrim

  3. Laboratório de Imunologia (LIM48), Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

    Edite H. Yamashiro-Kanashiro & Mussya C. Rocha

  4. Coordenadoria Regional de Saúde Oeste, Secretaria de Saúde da Prefeitura de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

    Marcelo M. Pinto

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  1. Bianca A. Ferreira
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  2. Thaynan F. C. Martins
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Contributions

Bianca A. Ferreira: conceptualization, investigation, methodology, analysis and interpretation of data, writing, reviewing, and editing. Thaynan F. C. Martins: conceptualization, investigation, methodology, analysis and interpretation of data, writing. Elizabeth M. Coser: investigation, analysis and interpretation of data. Viviane da L. Oliveira: investigation, analysis. Edite H. Yamashiro-Kanashiro: investigation, resources. Mussya C. Rocha: investigation, resources. Marcelo M. Pinto: investigation, methodology, resources. Paulo C. Cotrim: conceptualization, investigation, resources, funding acquisition, supervision. Adriano C. Coelho: conceptualization, methodology, analysis and interpretation of data, funding acquisition, supervision, writing, reviewing. All authors reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Adriano C. Coelho.

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Ethics approval

This study was approved by the Ethics Committee for Animal Experimentation of the Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo (USP) [Protocol: CEP-IMT 2011/104]. Experiments using mice were approved by the Ethics Committee for Animal Experimentation of the Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) [Protocols: 4797–1/2018 and 4797–1(A)/2019]. Euthanasia of the dogs followed the technical rules established by the Federal Board of Veterinary Medicine of Brazil (CFMV resolution No. 714/2002). For sample collection for biopsy and euthanasia of the dogs, owners were previously notified about this study and signed a statement of informed consent.

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436_2022_7594_MOESM1_ESM.pdf

Supplementary file 1. Table 1. Primers used for PCR amplifications and sequencing of ITS. Figure 1. Investigation for the presence or absence of the MSL in L. (L.) infantum strains and isolates from humans and dogs. (PDF 153 KB)

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Ferreira, B.A., Martins, T.F.C., Coser, E.M. et al. Isolation, typing, and drug susceptibility of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum isolates from dogs of the municipality of Embu das Artes, an endemic region for canine leishmaniasis in Brazil. Parasitol Res 121, 2683–2695 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-022-07594-5

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