Abstract
Embryonic development of reproductive organs in rediae of the digenean Bunocotyle progenetica was studied using transmission electron microscopy. The germinal primordium becomes morphologically distinct in early embryos as a weakly separated cell mass with a forming cavity. It consists of undifferentiated, differentiating, and supporting cells. As embryos develop, the supporting cells form a wall around the enlarging cavity. Other cells of the germinal primordium are incorporated into the wall as solitary cells or as small cell aggregations. Those situated posteriorly give rise to an incipient germinal mass functioning during postembryonic development. Undifferentiated and differentiating cells in the middle and the anterior part of the primordium ensure a considerable growth of the cavity wall, which incorporates solitary germinal cells. In advanced embryonic rediae, these cells mature, cleave, and give rise to germinal balls, which enter the forming brood cavity. In the most mature embryonic rediae, all these early cercarial embryos reside in a brood cavity, which is lined by that time with a syncytium continuous with the supporting tissue of the incipient germinal mass. Based on our results and the literature data, we suggest that the morphogenesis of the reproductive apparatus of the daughter parthenitae in hemiuroid digeneans may be characterized by (1) emergence of an incipient brood cavity within the germinal primordium, (2) formation of the cavity lining from the cells of the germinal primordium, (3) fragmentation and uneven distribution of the germinal material of the germinal primordium around the cavity, and (4) an anticipatory development of some of this germinal material.
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Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to the White Sea Biological Station of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (ZIN RAS) for providing fieldwork infrastructure. We would also like to thank Natalia Lentsman for her help with the preparation of the English version of the manuscript. The research was completed using equipment of the Core Facilities Centre “Taxon” (http://www.ckp-rf.ru/ckp/3038/?sphrase_id=8879024) at the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (St. Petersburg, Russia).
Funding
The fieldwork at the White Sea Biological Station and at the “Taxon” Research Resource Center was partly financed by the research programme of Zoological Institute RAS, project number AAAA-A19-119020690109-2. The treatment and analysis of the accumulated data were supported by the Russian Science Foundation (Grant No. 18-14-00170).
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Podvyaznaya, I.M., Galaktionov, K.V. Germinal development in embryonic rediae of the hemiuroid digenean Bunocotyle progenetica: an ultrastructural study. Parasitol Res 120, 4001–4012 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-021-07349-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-021-07349-8