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Small ruminants and zoonotic cryptosporidiosis

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Abstract

Sheep and goats are commonly infected with three Cryptosporidium species, including Cryptosporidium parvum, Cryptosporidium ubiquitum, and Cryptosporidium xiaoi, which differ from each in prevalence, geographic distribution, and public health importance. While C. parvum appears to be a dominant species in small ruminants in European countries, its occurrence in most African, Asian, and American countries appear to be limited. As a result, zoonotic infections due to contact with lambs and goat kids are common in European countries, leading to frequent reports of outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis on petting farms. In contrast, C. xiaoi is the dominant species elsewhere, and mostly does not infect humans. While C. ubiquitum is another zoonotic species, it occurs in sheep and goats at much lower frequency. Host adaptation appears to be present in both C. parvum and C. ubiquitum, consisting of several subtype families with different host preference. The host-adapted nature of C. parvum and C. ubiquitum has allowed the use of subtyping tools in tracking infection sources. This has led to the identification of geographic differences in the importance of small ruminants in epidemiology of human cryptosporidiosis. These tools have also been used effectively in linking zoonotic transmission of C. parvum between outbreak cases and the suspected animals. Further studies should be directly elucidating the reasons for differences in the distribution and public health importance of major Cryptosporidium species in sheep and goats.

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Funding

This work was supported by the Guangdong Major Project of Basic and Applied Basic Research (2020B0301030007), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U1901208 and 31820103014), the 111 Project (D20008), and the Innovation Team Project of Guangdong University (2019KCXTD001).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China

    Yaqiong Guo, Na Li, Yaoyu Feng & Lihua Xiao

  2. Harry Butler Institute, Vector- and Water-Borne Pathogen Research Group, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia

    Una Ryan

  3. Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China

    Yaoyu Feng & Lihua Xiao

Authors
  1. Yaqiong Guo
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  2. Na Li
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  3. Una Ryan
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  4. Yaoyu Feng
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  5. Lihua Xiao
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Correspondence to Yaoyu Feng or Lihua Xiao.

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Guo, Y., Li, N., Ryan, U. et al. Small ruminants and zoonotic cryptosporidiosis. Parasitol Res 120, 4189–4198 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-021-07116-9

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