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Morphological and enzymatical observations in Oncomelania hupensis after molluscicide treatment: implication for future molluscicide development

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Abstract

A preparation of niclosamide named 50 % wettable powder of niclosamide ethanolamine salt (WPN), the only chemical molluscicide available in China, has been widely used for Oncomelania hupensis control over the past 20 years, but its molluscicidal mechanism has not been elucidated yet. Recently, a derivative of niclosamide, the salt of quinoid-2',5-dichloro-4'-nitro-salicylanilide (Liu Dai Shui Yang An, LDS), has been proven to have equivalent molluscicidal effects as WPN but with lower cost and significantly lower toxicity to fish than WPN. In our previous study, gene expression profiling of O. hupensis showed significantly effects after these two molluscicides had been applied. This study was designed to use morphological and enzymological analyses to further elucidate the mechanism by which these molluscicides cause snail death. After WPN or LDS treatment, the number of mitochondria of O. hupensis was reduced and their cristae appeared unclear, heterochromatin gathered to be polarized, ribosome numbers of the rough endoplasmic reticulums (rERs) decreased, myofilaments in muscle cells became disordered and loose, and cytoplasm in some liver cells was concentrated. Damage of cell structures and organelles suggested inhibited movement ability and effects on liver and energy metabolism following treatment. In parallel, activities of enzymes related with carbohydrate metabolism were inhibited except lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) increased in muscle tissue, and activities of enzymes related with stress response increased followed by decreasing to lower levels than those of the H2O-treated group. This shift of carbohydrate metabolism patterns led to insufficient energy supply and lactic acid accumulation, and variations of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) during process of molluscicide treatment suggested a stress response of snail to the molluscicides at early stages and later fatal damage in liver and nervous system. In general, effects of WPN and LDS were similar although LDS-treated snails showed more serious damage in the liver and a stronger inhibition of enzymes related with aerobic respiration and stress response. This was consistent with the transcriptome profile obtained previously. However, considering enzyme activities at post-transcriptional and protein levels, comprehensive identification and annotation of potential enzyme-related genes and regulation pattern would be necessary to provide great benefit for understanding of potential mechanism of these molluscicides and even for future molluscicide development.

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Acknowledgments

Our most heartfelt thanks are due to Mr. Xiong Liu and his group at the Institute of Schistosomiasis Control of Jianglin County, Hubei Province, China, for their assistance in collecting O. hupensis in the field. Dr. Christoph G. Grevelding in Institute for Parasitology, Justus-Liebig-University GieBen give us valuable comments which have significantly improved the manuscript. This work was supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project of China (No. 2012ZX0004-909) and Major Project of Health and Family Planning Commission of Hubei Province (No. XF2012-3).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei Province, China

    Tao Xiong, Qin Ping Zhao, Rong Liu, Ming Sen Jiang & Hui Fen Dong

  2. Institute of Schistosomiasis Control, Hubei Provincial Center For Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430079, Hubei Province, China

    Xing Jian Xu

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  1. Tao Xiong
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Correspondence to Ming Sen Jiang or Hui Fen Dong.

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These two authors equally contributed to this work and should be considered as the co-first authors.

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Xiong, T., Zhao, Q.P., Xu, X.J. et al. Morphological and enzymatical observations in Oncomelania hupensis after molluscicide treatment: implication for future molluscicide development. Parasitol Res 115, 4139–4152 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-016-5188-x

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