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Nosema spp. infections cause no energetic stress in tolerant honeybees

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Abstract

Host-pathogen coevolution leads to reciprocal adaptations, allowing pathogens to increase host exploitation or hosts to minimise costs of infection. As pathogen resistance is often associated with considerable costs, tolerance may be an evolutionary alternative. Here, we examined the effect of two closely related and highly host dependent intracellular gut pathogens, Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae, on the energetic state in Nosema tolerant and sensitive honeybees facing the infection. We quantified the three major haemolymph carbohydrates fructose, glucose, and trehalose using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as a measure for host energetic state. Trehalose levels in the haemolymph were negatively associated with N. apis infection intensity and with N. ceranae infection regardless of the infection intensity in sensitive honeybees. Nevertheless, there was no such association in Nosema spp. infected tolerant honeybees. These findings suggest that energy availability in tolerant honeybees was not compromised by the infection. This result obtained at the individual level may also have implications at the colony level where workers in spite of a Nosema infection can still perform as well as healthy bees, maintaining colony efficiency and productivity.

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Acknowledgments

We thank three anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments, which helped to improve our manuscript. The study was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft DFG priority programme SPP 1399 “Host-parasite co-evolution” (grant number MO373/26-2).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for Biology, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 06099, Halle (Saale), Germany

    Christoph Kurze, Christopher Mayack & Robin F. A. Moritz

  2. Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany

    Frank Hirche & Gabriele I. Stangl

  3. INRA, UR 406 Abeilles et Environnement, 84914, Avignon, Cedex 9, France

    Yves Le Conte

  4. Department of Agroecology Flakkebjerg, Aarhus University, 4200, Slagelse, Denmark

    Per Kryger

  5. German Institute for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), 04103, Leipzig, Germany

    Robin F. A. Moritz

  6. Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, 0002, Pretoria, South Africa

    Robin F. A. Moritz

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  1. Christoph Kurze
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Kurze, C., Mayack, C., Hirche, F. et al. Nosema spp. infections cause no energetic stress in tolerant honeybees. Parasitol Res 115, 2381–2388 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-016-4988-3

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