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Onchocerciasis caused by Onchocerca lupi: an emerging zoonotic infection. Systematic review

Parasitology Research volume 114, pages 2401–2413 (2015)Cite this article

Abstract

Globalization has increased circulation of people, their food, livestock and pets in the world, and changes in the environment, climate and human behaviour have led to the rapid expansion of emerging infections throughout the world. One of the reasons of a new pathogen affecting humans is the passage from an animal to a human being. Onchocerca (O.) lupi, a filarial worm first described in a wolf in 1967, is an emerging pathogen which has been incriminated as the etiological agent for 205 canine, 2 feline and 18 human infections in Europe, Tunisia, Turkey, Iran and the USA. Most frequent findings in animals and humans are monolateral or asymmetrical variably painful subconjunctival swellings and nodules containing immature or mature worms affecting the eye and/or adjacent tissues accompanied by conjunctival hyperemia. Occasionally, subcutaneous nodules and masses affecting the spinal cord have been observed in humans. Diagnosis of O. lupi is achieved by microscopy of excised adult female worms which exhibit a particular cuticular structure and molecular analysis. Treatment consists in worm removal accompanied by antihelminthic, antibiotic and anti-inflammatory therapy.

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All authors contributed to design of the review, literature search and final draft of the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Medical Parasitology Unit/Medical Entomology Group, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal

    António J. Santos Grácio

  2. Tropical Medicine Unit, Department for Gastoenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany

    Joachim Richter

  3. Comparative Ophthalmology-Exotic and Wildlife Medicine Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

    Anastasia Th. Komnenou

  4. Medical Parasitology Unit/Medical Helminthology & Malacology Group, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa,, Lisbon, Portugal

    Maria Amélia Grácio

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  1. António J. Santos Grácio
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  4. Maria Amélia Grácio
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Grácio, A.J.S., Richter, J., Komnenou, A.T. et al. Onchocerciasis caused by Onchocerca lupi: an emerging zoonotic infection. Systematic review. Parasitol Res 114, 2401–2413 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-015-4535-7

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Keywords

  • Onchocerciasis
  • Onchocerca spp
  • Onchocerca lupi
  • Zoonosis
  • Ocular disease
  • Ocular lesions
  • Vectors
  • Dogs
  • Cats
  • Simuliidae
  • Blackflies
  • Wolbachia sp