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Acaricidal, insecticidal, and larvicidal efficacy of fruit peel aqueous extract of Annona squamosa and its compounds against blood-feeding parasites

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Abstract

Plant products may be alternative sources of parasitic control agents, since they constitute a rich source of bioactive compounds that are eco-friendly and nontoxic products. The plant extracts are good and safe alternatives due to their low toxicity to mammals and easy biodegradability. In the present study, fruit peel aqueous extract of Annona squamosa (Annonaceae) extracted by immersion method exhibited adulticidal activity against Haemaphysalis bispinosa (Acarina: Ixodidae) and the hematophagous fly, Hippobosca maculata (Diptera: Hippoboscidae), and larvicidal activity against the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae), Anopheles subpictus, and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). The chemical composition of A. squamosa fruit peel aqueous extract was analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The major chemical constituent of peel aqueous extract of A. squamosa was identified as 1H- cycloprop[e]azulen-7-ol decahydro-1,1,7-trimethyl-4-methylene-[1ar-(1aα,4aα, 7β, 7 a, β, 7bα)] (28.55%) by comparison of mass spectral data and retention times. The other major constituents present in the aqueous extract were retinal 9-cis- (12.61%), 3,17-dioxo-4-androsten-11alpha-yl hydrogen succinate (6.86%), 1-naphthalenepentanol decahydro-5-(hydroxymethyl)-5,8a-dimethyl-y,2-bis(methylene)-(1α,4aβ,5α,8aα) (14.83%), 1-naphthalenemethanol decahydro −5-(5-hydroxy-3-methyl-3-pentenyl)- 1,4a-di methyl - 6-methylene -(1S-[1α, 4aα, 5α(E), 8aβ] (4.44%), (−)-spathulenol (20.75%), podocarp-7-en-3-one13β-methyl-13-vinyl- (5.98%), and 1-phenanthrene carboxaldehyde 7-ethenyl-1,2,3,4,4a,4,5,6,7,9,10,10a-dodecahydro-1,4a,7-trimethyl-[1R-(1α,4aβ.4bα,7β, 10aα)]-(5.98%). The adult and larval parasitic mortalities observed in fruit peel aqueous extract of A. squamosa were 31, 59, 80, 91, and100%; 27, 42, 66, 87, and 100%; and 33, 45, 68, 92, and 100% at the concentrations of 250, 500, 1,000, 1,500, and 2,000 ppm, respectively, against Haemaphysalis bispinosa, Hippobosca maculata, and R. microplus. The observed larvicidal efficacies were 36, 55, 72, 92, 100% and 14, 34, 68, 89, and 100% at 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1,000 ppm, respectively, against A. subpictus and C. quinquefasciatus. The highest parasite mortality was found after 24 h of exposure against Haemaphysalis bispinosa (LC50 = 404.51 ppm, r 2 = 0.890), Hippobosca maculata (LC50 = 600.75 ppm, r 2 = 0.983), the larvae of R. microplus (LC50 = 548.28 ppm, r 2 = 0.975), fourth-instar larvae of A. subpictus (LC50 = 327.27 pm, r 2 = 0.970), and C. quinquefasciatus (LC50 = 456.29 ppm, r 2 = 0.974), respectively. The control (distilled water) showed nil mortality in the concurrent assay. The χ 2 values were significant at p < 0.05 level. Therefore, the eco-friendly and biodegradable compounds from fruit peel aqueous extract of A. squamosa may be an alternative to conventional synthetic chemicals, particularly in integrated approach for the control of Haemaphysalis bispinosa, Hippobosca maculata, R. microplus, and the medically important vectors A. subpictus and C. quinquefasciatus.

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Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to C. Abdul Hakeem College Management, Dr. W. Abdul Hameed, Principal, and Dr. Hameed Abdul Razack, HOD of the Zoology Department for providing the facilities to carry out this work. Dr. S. M. Roopan expresses his thanks to VIT University, Vellore, for providing necessary research facilities.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Pharmaceutical Chemistry Division, School of Advanced Sciences, VIT University, Vellore, 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India

    Gunabalan Madhumitha & Antoneyraj Mary Saral

  2. Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Organic Chemistry Division, School of Advanced Sciences, VIT University, Vellore, 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India

    Selvaraj Mohana Roopan & Fazlur Rahman Nawaz Khan

  3. School of Bio Science and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India

    Kanagaraj Mohana Priya & Venkatesh Gopiesh Khanna

  4. Unit of Nanotechnology and Bioactive Natural Products, Post Graduate and Research Department of Zoology, C.Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam, 632 509, Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India

    Govindasamy Rajakumar, Abdul Abdul Rahuman, Kannaiyaram Velayutham, Chidambaram Jayaseelan, Chinnaperumal Kamaraj & Gandhi Elango

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  1. Gunabalan Madhumitha
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Correspondence to Selvaraj Mohana Roopan or Abdul Abdul Rahuman.

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Gunabalan Madhumitha and Govindasamy Rajakumar contributed equally.

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Madhumitha, G., Rajakumar, G., Roopan, S.M. et al. Acaricidal, insecticidal, and larvicidal efficacy of fruit peel aqueous extract of Annona squamosa and its compounds against blood-feeding parasites. Parasitol Res 111, 2189–2199 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-011-2671-2

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