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Formation of buccal armature of Cadlina laevis (Linnaeus, 1767) (Nudibranchia, Gastropoda)

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Abstract

The features of the buccal armature’s morphology and formation process may have phylogenetic significance, be adaptive to the feeding strategy or both. The monophyletic order of gastropods—Nudibranchia—has various feeding strategies and diversified morphology of the buccal armature. That makes nudibranch molluscs a suitable model group for studying the structure and synthesis of the buccal armature. Using methods of micro-CT, light microscopy, SEM, TEM and computer-based 3D-reconstruction we describe for the first time the fine morphology and the formation mechanism of the buccal armature for doridacean nudibranchs on the example of Cadlina laevis (Linnaeus, 1767). The labial cuticle of C. laevis lies on the ventrolateral sides of the buccal cavity. That differs significantly from the case of cladobranchs and other gastropods, whose jaws typically lie dorsally or dorsolaterally. The labial cuticle of C. laevis is a unified matrix with solitary rodlets. A single cell forms each rodlet. This synthesis mechanism is common for molluscan jaw structures containing solitary elements (rodlets). The broad radula of C. laevis folds within the U-shaped radular sac. The connective-tissue collostyle is located above the radular sac and likely prevents the radula from creasing, as was previously described for other Euthyneura with broad radulae. Also, the formation zone of the radula in C. laevis divides into two parts to increase the synthesis surface. That is also specific to broad rhipidoglossan radulae of vetigastropods and neritimorphs. However, the formation of the radular tooth by a few odontoblasts, described earlier for euthyneuran molluscs, remains in C. laevis.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the divers’ team of the N.A. Pertsov White Sea Biological Station for help with providing material. Additionally, we are grateful to Fyodor Plandin (Lomonosov Moscow State University) for help with micro-CT. The electron microscopy investigations were performed at the User Facilities Centre of Lomonosov Moscow State University, at the Centre of microscopy WSBS MSU and at the Institute for Biology of Inland Waters of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Dr. Bernhard Ruthensteiner (ZSM) and an anonymous reviewer are thanked for their valuable comments, which helped to improve the manuscript. This study was conducted in frame of scientific projects of the State Order of the Russian Federation Government to Lomonosov Moscow State University No. 121032500077-8 and No. 121032300121-0 with financial support of Russian Science Foundation, Grant No. 21-14-00042.

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  1. Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-12, 119234, Moscow, Russia

    A. Mikhlina, E. Lisova & E. Vortsepneva

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  1. A. Mikhlina
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Contributions

Conceptualization: EV; Light microscopy studies: EV, AM; 3D reconstruction: AM; Scanning electron microscopy studies: EV, AM; Transmission electron microscopy studies: EV; Micro-CT studies: EL; Writing-original draft preparation: AM, EV; Writing – review and editing: AM, EL, EV; Supervising: EV.

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Correspondence to A. Mikhlina.

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No approval of research ethics committees was required to accomplish the goals of this study because experimental work was conducted with an unregulated invertebrate species.

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The original online version of this article was revised: Errors in the figure references under the ‘Results’ section corrected to Figure 9a instead of Figure 8a.

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Mikhlina, A., Lisova, E. & Vortsepneva, E. Formation of buccal armature of Cadlina laevis (Linnaeus, 1767) (Nudibranchia, Gastropoda). Zoomorphology 141, 245–261 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00435-022-00576-2

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