Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Dental anomalies in pinnipeds (Carnivora: Otariidae and Phocidae): occurrence and evolutionary implications

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Zoomorphology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Dental anomalies comprise variations in number, shape, size, position and occlusion of teeth, mainly caused by genetic mechanisms. This study aimed to investigate the nature and prevalence of dental anomalies in a large sample of pinnipeds (Otariidae and Phocidae) and to discuss potential evolutionary and ecological implications. Thirty-four species in twenty genera were sampled. The dentition of the specimens examined was compared with the normal dental formula for the species, and supernumerary and congenitally missing teeth were identified and recorded. Agenesis was observed in 0.93 % of the specimens analyzed (n = 10), being more frequent in otariids. The posteriormost upper postcanines were the teeth absent most frequently. Supernumerary teeth were observed in 1.8 % of the specimens (n = 19), more commonly in phocids. Supernumerary teeth can be interpreted as either atavistic manifestations (particularly for the posteriormost postcanines in Otariidae) or cases of disturbances in dental morphogenesis leading to the formation of extra teeth when they occur in other positions of the tooth row. Morphological dental variants such as ectopic and geminated teeth were also recorded. Cases of dental anomalies should have a limited effect on the functional morphology of the feeding apparatus in pinnipeds, with little influence on the fitness and performance of the animals. Nevertheless, understanding patterns of dental variation should contribute to future studies aiming to elucidate aspects of dental evolution and the phylogenetic relationships of pinnipeds.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abbott C, Verstraete FJM (2005) The dental pathology of northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris). J Comp Pathol 132:169–178

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Adam PJ, Berta A (2002) Evolution of prey capture strategies and diet in the Pinnipedimorpha (Mammalia, Carnivora). Oryctos 4:83–107

    Google Scholar 

  • Armfield BA, Zheng Z, Bajpaj S, Vinyard CJ, Thewissen JGM (2013) Development and evolution of the unique cetacean dentition. PeerJ 1:e24

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barnes LG (1972) Miocene desmatophocinae (Mammalia: Carnivora) from California. Univ Calif Publ Geol Sci 89:1–68

    Google Scholar 

  • Bateson W (1894) Materials for the study of variation treated with especial regard to discontinuity in the origin of species. Macmillan and Co, London

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Berta A (2002) Pinnipedia, overview. In: Perrin WF, Würsig B, Thewissen JGM (eds) Encyclopedia of marine mammals. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 903–911

    Google Scholar 

  • Berta A, Wyss AR (1994) Pinniped phylogeny. Proc San Diego Soc Nat Hist 29:33–56

    Google Scholar 

  • Berta A, Sumich J, Kovaks K (2006) Marine mammals: evolutionary biology. Academic Press, San Diego

    Google Scholar 

  • Boessenecker RW (2011) New records of the fur seal Callorhinus (Carnivora: Otariidae) from the Plio-Pleistocene Rio Dell Formation of Northern California and comments on otariid dental evolution. J Vertebr Paleontol 31:454–467

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Briggs KT (1974) Dentition of the northern elephant seal. J Mammal 55:158–171

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burns JJ, Fay FH (1970) Comparative morphology of the skull of the ribbon seal, Histriophoca fasciata, with remarks on systematics of Phocidae. J Zool 161:363–394

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chiasson RB (1955) Dental abnormalities of the Alaskan fur seal. J Mammal 36:562–564

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chiasson RB (1957) The dentition of the Alaskan fur seal. J Mammal 38:310–319

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Committee on Taxonomy (2014) List of marine mammal species and subspecies. Society for Marine Mammalogy, www.marinemammalscience.org, consulted on 01 June 2014

  • Cruwys L, Friday A (2006) Visible supernumerary teeth in pinnipeds. Polar Rec 42:83–85

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deméré TA (1994) The family Odobenidae: a phylogenetic analysis of fossil and living taxa. In: Berta A, Deméré TA (eds) Contributions in Marine Mammal Paleontology Honoring Frank C. Whitmore, Jr. Proceeding of San Diego Society of Natural History, vol 29, pp 99–123

  • Drehmer CJ, Ferigolo J (1996) Anomalias e patologias dentárias em Arctocephalus G. Saint-Hilaire & Cuvier (Pinnipedia, Otariidae) da costa do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Rev Bras Zool 13:857–865

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Drehmer CJ, Fábian ME, Menegheti JO (2004) Dental anomalies in the Atlantic population of South American sea lion, Otaria byronia (Pinnipedia: Otariidae): evolutionary implications and ecological approach. Latin Am J Aquat Mamm 3:7–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Drehmer CJ, Dornelles JE, Loch C (2009) Variations on the dental formula of Otaria byronia de Blainville (Pinnipedia: Otariidae) in the Pacific Ocean: a new kind of dental anomaly. Neotrop Biol Conserv 4:21–35

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eastman JT, Coalson RE (1974) The digestive system of the Weddell seal Leptonychotes weddelli—a review. In: Harrison RJ (ed) Functional anatomy of marine mammals, vol 2. Academic Press, London, pp 253–320

    Google Scholar 

  • Fay FH (1982) Ecology and biology of the Pacific walrus, Odobenus rosmarus divergens Illiger. North Am Fauna 74:1–279

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hall ER (1940) Supernumerary and missing teeth in wild mammals of the orders Insectivora and Carnivora with some notes on disease. J Dent Res 19:103–143

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hall BK (1984) Developmental mechanisms underlying the formation of atavisms. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 59:89–124

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton JE (1934) The southern sea lion Otaria byronia (De Blainville). Discov Rep 8:269–318

    Google Scholar 

  • Hillson S (2005) Teeth. Cambridge Manuals in Archaeology, Cambridge

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hoff GL, Hoff DM (1996) Dental anomalies in mammals. In: Fairbrother A, Locke LN, Hoff GL (eds) Noninfectious diseases of wildlife. Iowa State University Press, Iowa, pp 100–108

    Google Scholar 

  • Jernvall J (2000) Linking development with generation of novelty in mammalian teeth. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 97:2641–2645

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jones KE, Ruff CB, Goswami A (2013) Morphology and biomechanics of the pinniped jaw: mandibular evolution without mastication. Anat Rec 296:1049–1063

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • King JE (1983) Seals of the world. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Könemann VS, Van Bree PJH (1997) Gebianomalien bei nordatlantischen Phociden (Mammalia, Phocidae). Zeitschrift fur Säugetierkunde 62:71–85

    Google Scholar 

  • Kubota K, Togawa S (1964) Numerical variations in the dentition of some Pinnipeds. Anat Rec 150:487–502

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kubota K, Shibanai S, Kubota J, Togawa S (2000) Developmental transition to monophyodonty in adaptation to marine life by the northern fur seal, Callorhinus ursinus (Otariidae). Hist Biol 14:91–95

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Loch C, Simões-Lopes PC, Drehmer CJ (2010) Numerical anomalies in the dentition of southern fur seals and sea lions. Zoologia 27:477–482

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Loch C, Grando LJ, Kieser JA, Simões-Lopes PC (2011) Dental pathology in dolphins (Cetacea: Delphinidae) from the southern coast of Brazil. Dis Aquat Org 94:225–234

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miles AEW, Grigson C (1990) Colyer’s variations and diseases of the teeth of animals. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Miller EH (1975) Walrus ethology. I. The social role of tusks and applications of multidimensional scaling. Can J Zool 53:590–613

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller EH, Sung HC, Moulton VD, Miller GW, Finley JK, Stenson GB (2007) Variation and integration of the simple mandibular postcanine dentition in two species of phocid seal. J Mammal 88:1325–1334

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miyazaki N (2002) Teeth. In: Perrin WF, Würsig B, Thewissen JGM (eds) Encyclopedia of marine mammals. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 1127–1132

    Google Scholar 

  • Nyakatura K, Bininda-Emonds ORP (2012) Updating the evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia): a new species-level supertree complete with divergence time estimates. BMC Biol 10:12

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Repenning CA, Tedford RH (1977) Otarioid seals of the Neogene: classification, historical zoogeography, and temporal correlation of the sea lions and walruses from the North Pacific region. US Government Printing Office, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  • Richardson G, Russel KA (2000) A review of impacted permanent maxillary cuspids-diagnosis and prevention. J Can Dent Assoc 66:497–501

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salazar-Ciudad I, Jernvall J (2010) A computational model of teeth and the developmental origins of morphological variation. Nature 464:583–586

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scheffer VB (1960) Dentition of the ribbon seal. Proc Zool Soc Lond 135:579–585

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scheffer VB, Kraus BS (1964) Dentition of the Northern fur seal. Fishery Bull 63:293–342

    Google Scholar 

  • Schuurs AHB, van Loveren C (2000) Double teeth: review of the literature. ASDC J Dent Child 67:313–325

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sinai NL, Dadaian RH, Kass PH, Verstraete FJM (2014) Dental pathology of the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). J Comp Pathol 151:113–121

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart REA, Stewart BE (1987) Mandibular dental anomalies of Northwest Atlantic harp seals, Phoca groenlandica. Can J Zool 65:769–771

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart REA, Innes S, Stewart BE (1988) Mandibular dental ontogeny of ringed seals (Phoca hispida). Mar Mamm Sci 14:221–230

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stiassny MLJ (1992) Atavisms, phylogenetic character reversals, and the origin of evolutionary novelties. Neth J Zool 42:2–3

    Google Scholar 

  • Suzuki M, Ohtaishi N, Nakane F (1990) Supernumerary postcanine teeth in the kuril seal (Phoca vitulina stejnegeri), the largha seal (Phoca largha) and the ribbon seal (Phoca fasciata). Jpn J Oral Biol 32:323–329

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Szuma E (1999) Dental abnormalities in the red fox Vulpes vulpes from Poland. Acta Theriol 44:393–412

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vilà C, Urios V, Castroviejo J (1993) Tooth losses and anomalies in the wolf (Canis lupus). J Zool 71:968–971

    Google Scholar 

  • Werth AJ (2006) Mandibular and dental variation and the evolution of suction feeding in Odontoceti. J Mammal 87:579–588

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wolsan M (1984) The origin of extra teeth in mammals. Acta Theriol 29:128–133

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

Thanks are extended to the curators of the scientific collections visited for allowing us to study the specimens under their care: Robert Asher and Mathew Lowe (Museum of Zoology Cambridge); Mark Carnall (Grant Museum of Zoology, UCL); Malgosia Nowak-Kemp (Oxford University Museum of Natural History); Graham Stone (University of Edinburgh); Roberto Portela-Miguez, Richard Sabin and Louise Tomsett (Natural History Museum, London); Ronald Vonk (Zoologisch Museum Amsterdam); Christine Lefèvre (Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle) and Frieder Mayer (Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin). Jules A. Kieser (in memoriam) and Robert Boessenecker patiently revised early drafts of this study. Alexander Werth and an anonymous referee provided valuable suggestions that greatly improved this manuscript. D. Sanfelice acknowledges CAPES for a Postdoctoral fellowship and is indebted to Anjali Goswami (UCL), the Centre for Ecology and Evolution (UCL) and Synthesys (especially Manja Voss, DE-TAF Office) for their financial and logistic support. C Loch acknowledges the Sir John Walsh Research Institute for a Postdoctoral Fellowship and Jules A. Kieser for the inspirational mentoring in life and research.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Ecologia, Zoologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil

    César Jaeger Drehmer

  2. Instituto Federal de Ciência, Tecnologia e Educação do Rio Grande do Sul, Campus Restinga, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil

    Daniela Sanfelice

  3. Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand

    Carolina Loch

Authors
  1. César Jaeger Drehmer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Daniela Sanfelice
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Carolina Loch
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Carolina Loch.

Additional information

Communicated by A. Schmidt-Rhaesa.

Appendix 1: Specimens examined

Appendix 1: Specimens examined

Otariidae. Arctocephalus australis: BMNH-1013.e, BMNH-1879.8.21.5, BMNH-1880.7.28.17, BMNH-1919.7.7.10090, BMNH-1949.3.17.1, BMNH-1949.3.17.11, BMNH-1949.3.17.13, BMNH-1949.3.17.15, BMNH-1949.3.17.16, BMNH-1949.3.17.19, BMNH-1949.3.17.21, BMNH-1949.3.17.23, BMNH-1949.3.17.34, BMNH-1949.3.17.38, BMNH-1949.3.17.5, BMNH-1949.3.17.58, BMNH-1949.3.17.6, BMNH-1949.3.17.8, BMNH-1949.3.17.9, BMNH-1950.11.14.1, BMNH-1984.954, BMNH-1984.956, BMNH-1984919, BMNH-1984942, BMNH-83.314, BMNH-84.91, BMNH-84.911, BMNH-84.912, BMNH-84.915, BMNH-84.916, BMNH-84.918, BMNH-84.921, BMNH-84.923, BMNH-84.925, BMNH-84.928, BMNH-84.93, BMNH-84.932, BMNH-84.935, BMNH-84.937, BMNH-84.947, BMNH-84.957, BMNH-84.959, BMNH-84.967, BMNH-84.968, BMNH-84.97, BMNH-84.974, BMNH-84.978, BMNH-84917, BMNH-84933, BMNH-84938, BMNH-84940, BMNH-84948, BMNH-84973, MNHB-4961. Arctocephalus forsteri: BMNH-1968.9.26.2, BMNH-1872.6.25.1, BMNH-1876.2.15.4, BMNH-1876.2.16.5, BMNH-1897.10.10.6, BMNH-1968.9.26.4, BMNH-1968.9.26.6, BMNH-1968.9.26.9, MNHB-70660, UMZC 7422, UMZC 7423, UMZC 7424, UMZC 7427, UMZC 7429, UMZC 7434. Arctocephalus galapagoensis: BMNH-1991.1, BMNH-1991.2, BMNH-1991.3, MNHN-1962-1152, MNHN-1962-1153, MNHN-1962-1157, MNHN-1962-1159. Arctocephalus gazella: BMNH-1958.4.24.4, BMNH-1958.4.24.5, BMNH-1958.4.24.6, BMNH-1960.8.10.13, BMNH-1960.8.10.14, BMNH-1960.8.10.19, BMNH-1960.8.10.2, BMNH-1960.8.10.24, BMNH-1960.8.10.29, BMNH-1960.8.10.30, BMNH-1960.8.10.31, BMNH-1960.8.10.32, BMNH-1960.8.10.33, BMNH-1960.8.10.34, BMNH-1960.8.10.36, BMNH-1960.8.10.37, BMNH-1960.8.10.38, BMNH-1960.8.10.39, BMNH-1960.8.10.41, BMNH-1960.8.10.46, BMNH-1960.8.10.49, BMNH-1960.8.10.5, BMNH-1960.8.10.50, BMNH-1960.8.10.51, BMNH-1960.8.10.54, BMNH-1960.8.10.55, BMNH-1960.8.10.7, BMNH-1960.8.10.8, BMNH-1960.81.10.57, BMNH-1962.10.16.1, BMNH-1962.6.14.13, BMNH-1962.6.14.14, BMNH-1962.6.14.15, BMNH-1962.6.14.16, BMNH-1964.9.22.1, BMNH-1964.9.22.2, BMNH-1980.8.4.4, BMNH-1981.1239, BMNH-1981.124, BMNH-1981.1241, BMNH-1981.1243, BMNH-1981.125, BMNH-1981.1251, BMNH-1981.1254, BMNH-1981.1255, BMNH-1981.1257, BMNH-1981.1258, BMNH-1991.4, MNHB-86626, UMZC 7321.A, UMZC 7321.B, UMZC 7321.C, UMZC 7321.D, UMZC 7321.E, UMZC 7321.F, UMZC 7321.G, UMZC 7321.H, UMZC 7321.I, UMZC 7321.J, UMZC 7321.K, UMZC 7321.L, UMZC 7321.M, UMZC 7321.N, UMZC 7321.O. Arctocephalus philippii: BMNH-1883.11.8.1. Arctocephalus pusillus: BMNH-1220a, BMNH-1925.1.2.268, BMNH-1925.1.2.269, BMNH-1925.1.2.66, BMNH-1925.1.2.68, BMNH-1927.7.2.2, BMNH-1927.7.2.4, BMNH-1927.7.2.7, BMNH-1939.1889, BMNH-1953.4.9.1, BMNH-1953.4.9.2, MNHB-5175, MNHB-5176, OUM13884, UMZC 7361, BMNH-1883.7.28.1, BMNH-1883.7.28.13, BMNH-1887.5.6.1, BMNH-1889.2.20.1, BMNH-1960.1.29.1, BMNH-1960.1.29.2, BMNH-1960.1.29.3, BMNH-1960.1.29.4, BMNH-1960.1.29.6, BMNH-1968.9.26.1, BMNH-1968.9.26.10, BMNH-1968.9.26.11, BMNH-1968.9.26.12, UMZC 7425, UMZC 7426, MNHB-32100. Arctocephalus tropicalis: BMNH-1955.3.14.2, BMNH-1955.3.14.5, BMNH-1955.3.14.7, BMNH-1957.4.23.10, BMNH-1957.4.23.11, BMNH-1957.4.23.20, BMNH-1957.4.23.20, BMNH-1957.4.23.21, BMNH-1957.8.1.1, BMNH-1968.4.4.1, BMNH-1968.4.4.2, BMNH-1968.4.4.9, MNHB-5027, MNHN-1875-623, MNHN-1962-4146, MNHN-1962-4146, MNHN-1962-4147, MNHN-1962-4148, MNHN-1962-4149, MNHN-1962-4150, MNHN-1962-4151, MNHN-1962-4153, MNHN-1963-30, MNHN-1971-118, MNHN-1972-644, MNHN-1976-378, MNHN-1976-384, MNHN-1978-334, MNHN-1978-339, MNHN-1986-070, MNHN-1986-72, ZMA 19.584, ZMA 19.585. Callorhinus ursinus: BMNH-1878.5.10.2, BMNH-1891.12.18.10, BMNH-1891.12.18.9, BMNH-1891.18.12.11, BMNH-1893.1.28.2, BMNH-1897.1.18.10, BMNH-1897.2.17.2, BMNH-1928.4.21.45, BMNH-1928.4.21.52, BMNH-1928.4.21.53, BMNH-1928.4.21.54, BMNH-1928.4.21.55, BMNH-1928.4.21.59, BMNH-1928.4.21.60, BMNH-1928.4.21.61, BMNH-1928.4.21.63, BMNH-1928.4.21.65, BMNH-1928.4.21.67, BMNH-1950.3.29.4, BMNH-1950.3.29.5, BMNH-1950.3.29.6, BMNH-1950.3.29.7, BMNH-1951.2.15.1, BMNH-1960.5.2.2, MNHB-10111899, MNHB-37402, MNHB-37403, MNHB-5142, MNHB-5627, MNHB-5648, MNHB-74328, MNHN-1878-198, MNHN-26, MNHN-27, UMZC 7221, UMZC 7223.2, UMZC 7225.2, UMZC 7227.2 911.KA, UMZC 7227.2 911.KB, UMZC 7228, UMZC 7229, ZMA 17.131, ZMA 17.132, ZMA 17.992. Eumetopias jubatus: BMNH-1950.7.21.4, BMNH-1880.10.11.11, BMNH-1897.1.18.6, BMNH-1897.1.18.8, BMNH-1897.2.17.1, BMNH-1903.10.11.7, BMNH-1903.10.11.8, BMNH-1905.11.8.1, BMNH-1928.4.21.70, BMNH-1950.3.29.10, BMNH-1950.3.29.11, BMNH-1950.3.29.12, BMNH-1950.7.21.3, BMNH-1950.7.21.5, BMNH-1950.7.21.6, BMNH-1950.7.21.7, BMNH-1950.7.21.8, BMNH-1968.8.9.1, BMNH-1991.272, UCL-GMZ-Z309, MNHB-2782, MNHB-37702, MNHB-47500, MNHB-70692, MNHB-72815, MNHB-72816, UMZC 7081. Neophoca cinerea: BMNH-1897.10.10.5, BMNH-1925.10.8.32, BMNH-1925.10.8.33, BMNH-1968.9.26.27, BMNH-1968.9.26.23, BMNH-1968.9.26.25, BMNH-1968.9.26.29, BMNH-1968.9.26.30, UMZC 7152. Otaria byronia: BMNH-1851.5.5.51, BMNH-1869.2.24.1, BMNH-1869.8.10.1, BMNH-1886.12.13.1, BMNH-1900.5.7.10, BMNH-1920.6.5.1, BMNH-1925.12.17.11, BMNH-1934.1.21.4, BMNH-1939.1.21.10, BMNH-1939.1.21.104, BMNH-1939.1.21.106, BMNH-1939.1.21.107, BMNH-1939.1.21.108, BMNH-1939.1.21.109, BMNH-1939.1.21.112, BMNH-1939.1.21.113, BMNH-1939.1.21.115, BMNH-1939.1.21.116, BMNH-1939.1.21.118, BMNH-1939.1.21.119, BMNH-1939.1.21.12, BMNH-1939.1.21.120, BMNH-1939.1.21.122, BMNH-1939.1.21.133, BMNH-1939.1.21.14, BMNH-1939.1.21.163, BMNH-1939.1.21.17, BMNH-1939.1.21.177, BMNH-1939.1.21.180, BMNH-1939.1.21.3, BMNH-1939.1.21.5, BMNH-1939.1.21.71, BMNH-1939.1.21.72, BMNH-1939.1.21.76, BMNH-1939.1.21.77, BMNH-1939.1.21.78, BMNH-1939.1.21.81, BMNH-1939.1.21.83, BMNH-1939.1.21.84, BMNH-1939.1.21.85, BMNH-1939.1.21.86, BMNH-1939.1.21.89, BMNH-1949.3.17.83, BMNH-1950.11.6.1, BMNH-1959.12.4.6, BMNH-335.d, BMNH-335 m, BMNH-84.984, BMNH-84987, BMNH-WS 479, UCL-GMZ-Z2247, MNHB-288, MNHB-33881, MNHB-70685, MNHB-70693, MNHB-70695, MNHB-72817, MNHB-72822, MNHN-1889-1540, OUM13885, OUM13887, OUM14203, UMZC 7005, UMZC 7024, UMZC 7028, UMZC 7029, UMZC 7030, UMZC 907.AB. Phocarctos hookeri: BMNH-1876.2.16.9, BMNH-1908.2.20.53, UMZC 7182, UMZC 7183, UMZC 7184. Phocidae. Cystophora cristata: UMZC 7746, UMZC 7750, UMZC 7741, BMNH-1843.10.7.7, BMNH-1843.10.7.8, BMNH-1844.2.2.1, BMNH-1844.6.23.1 (332.a), BMNH-1870.6.22.10 (332.i), BMNH-1890.8.1.4, BMNH-1907.9.4.4, BMNH-1949.2.3.7, BMNH-1949.2.3.8, BMNH-1951.4.19.2, BMNH-332.d, BMNH-332.g, BMNH-332.h, MNHB-16322, MNHB-3296, MNHB-33244, MNHB-33246, MNHB-33255, MNHB-33258, MNHB-60594, MNHN-1929.226, MNHN-1990-689, MNHN-2007-406, OUM13881, ZMA 16.334, ZMA 16.336, ZMA 16.337, ZMA 16.338, ZMA 16.339, ZMA 16.34, ZMA 16.341, ZMA 16.343, ZMA 16.344, ZMA 16.345, ZMA 16.346, ZMA 16.347, ZMA 18.059, ZMA 18.060, ZMA 18.061, ZMA 18.062, ZMA 18.063, ZMA 18.065, ZMA 18.066, ZMA 18.067, ZMA 18.068, ZMA 18.069, ZMA 18.081, ZMA 18.088, ZMA 18.089, ZMA 18.098, ZMA 24.696, ZMA 25.384, ZMA 25.448. Erignathus barbatus: BMNH-1887.9.28.1, BMNH-1896.9.23.6, BMNH-1937.10.23.9, OUM13878, OUM13890, UMZC 8022, UMZC 8023, UMZC 8024. Halichoerus grypus: BMNH-1845.3.17.8, BMNH-1863.3.18.3, BMNH-1924.1.3.1, BMNH-1934.6.20.1, BMNH-1938.3.12.1, BMNH-1939.1.14.1, BMNH-1950.1.23.5, BMNH-1951.11.28.1, BMNH-1955.9.23.1, BMNH-1956.9.26.4, BMNH-196.1.23.7, BMNH-1961.1.23.3, BMNH-1961.1.23.4, BMNH-1961.1.23.8, BMNH-1961.11.1.2, BMNH-1961.5.18.1, BMNH-1961.5.18.10, BMNH-1961.5.18.11, BMNH-1961.5.18.11, BMNH-1961.5.18.12, BMNH-1961.5.18.13, BMNH-1961.5.18.14, BMNH-1961.5.18.15, BMNH-1961.5.18.16, BMNH-1961.5.18.17, BMNH-1961.5.18.18, BMNH-1961.5.18.19, BMNH-1961.5.18.2, BMNH-1961.5.18.23, BMNH-1961.5.18.25, BMNH-1961.5.18.26, BMNH-1961.5.18.27, BMNH-1961.5.18.3, BMNH-1961.5.18.30, BMNH-1961.5.18.31, BMNH-1961.5.18.32, BMNH-1961.5.18.33, BMNH-1961.5.18.34, BMNH-1961.5.18.35, BMNH-1961.5.18.36, BMNH-1961.5.18.37, BMNH-1961.5.18.4, BMNH-1962.3.6.1, BMNH-88.328, UCL-GMZ-LDUC-Z1630, UCL-GMZ-Z1123, UCL-GMZ-Z1124, UCL-GMZ-Z2243, UCL-GMZ-Z2298, MNHB-1502, MNHB-26346, MNHB-26584, MNHB-28412, MNHB-31975, MNHN-1952.28, MNHN-1966-03, MNHN-1978-47, MNHN-1978-48, MNHN-1979-19, MNHN-1981-165, MNHN-1988-016, MNHN-1991-723, MNHN-1991-724, MNHN-2004-301, OUM13907, UMZC 7942, ZMA 14.514, ZMA 5845, UE-NHC-XH13-4.1, UMZC 7941, UMZC 7943. Histriophoca fasciata: BMNH-1963.7.19.6, BMNH-1965.7.19.8. BMNH-1965.7.19.9, BMNH-1966.12.7.2. Hydrurga leptonyx: BMNH-1843.1.8.4, BMNH-1846.4.15.23 (325.d), BMNH-1846.4.15.24 (325.b), BMNH-1851.7.18.47 (325.h), BMNH-1854.8.25.5 (325.i), BMNH-1885.10.20.2 (325.n), BMNH-1893.9.14.1, BMNH-1901.1.4.15, BMNH-1908.2.20.54, BMNH-1914.1.29.2, BMNH-1934.12.4.1, BMNH-1938.12.3.2, BMNH-1939.1891, BMNH-1939.2.11.10, BMNH-1939.2.11.11, BMNH-1939.2.11.12, BMNH-1939.2.11.13, BMNH-1939.2.11.14, BMNH-1939.2.11.15, BMNH-1939.2.11.16, BMNH-1939.2.11.17, BMNH-1939.2.11.18, BMNH-1939.2.11.20, BMNH-1939.2.11.21, BMNH-1939.2.11.22, BMNH-1939.2.11.23, BMNH-1939.2.11.3, BMNH-1939.2.11.4, BMNH-1939.2.11.8, BMNH-1939.2.25.1, BMNH-1939.2.25.2, BMNH-1939.2.25.3, BMNH-1939.2.25.5, BMNH-1939.2.25.7, BMNH-1939.2.265.4, BMNH-1939.4.29.5, BMNH-1940.4.6.126, BMNH-1940.4.6.127, BMNH-1940.4.6.14, BMNH-1940.4.6.142, BMNH-1940.4.6.146, BMNH-1940.4.6.16, BMNH-1940.4.6.17, BMNH-1940.4.6144, BMNH-1949.2.1.2, BMNH-1949.4.6.28, BMNH-1958.4.24.7, BMNH-1959.12.17.4, BMNH-1959.12.4.1, BMNH-1959.12.4.2, BMNH-1959.12.4.3, UCL-GMZ-Z1125, UCL-GMZ-Z1646, UCL-GMZ-Z312, UCL-GMZ-Z313, MNHB-12714, MNHB-36250, MNHB-36253, MNHB-38317, MNHB-38321, MNHN-1884-1152, MNHN-1952-194, MNHN-1952-195, MNHN-1955-173, MNHN-1971-116, MNHN-1973-190, MNHN-1982-799, ZMA 24.204. Leptonychotes weddellii: BMNH-1846.4.25.22, BMNH-1908.2.20.11, BMNH-1908.2.20.13, BMNH-1908.2.20.16, BMNH-1908.2.20.17, BMNH-1908.2.20.18, BMNH-1908.2.20.2, BMNH-1908.2.20.20, BMNH-1908.2.20.21, BMNH-1908.2.20.22, BMNH-1908.2.20.23, BMNH-1908.2.20.25, BMNH-1908.2.20.26, BMNH-1908.2.20.58, BMNH-1908.2.20.59, BMNH-1908.2.20.6, BMNH-1908.2.20.60, BMNH-1908.2.20.62, BMNH-1908.2.20.63, BMNH-1910.9.19.1, BMNH-1940.4.6.108, BMNH-1940.4.6.109, BMNH-1940.4.6.110, BMNH-1940.4.6.18, BMNH-1940.4.6.21, BMNH-1940.4.6.22, BMNH-1940.4.6.23, BMNH-1940.4.6.24, BMNH-1940.4.6.25, BMNH-1940.4.6.27, BMNH-1940.4.6.32, BMNH-1940.4.6.33, BMNH-1940.4.6.35, BMNH-1940.4.6.36, BMNH-1940.4.6.38, BMNH-1940.4.6.39, BMNH-1940.4.6.41, BMNH-1940.4.6.44, BMNH-1940.4.6.47, BMNH-1940.4.6.65, BMNH-1940.4.6.72, BMNH-1940.4.6.73, BMNH-1940.4.6.99, BMNH-1949.2.3.4, BMNH-1951.5.1.12, BMNH-1951.5.1.13, BMNH-1951.5.1.2, BMNH-1951.5.1.3, BMNH-1951.5.1.4, BMNH-1951.5.1.6, BMNH-1951.5.1.7, BMNH-1951.5.16.5, BMNH-1951.5.8.3, BMNH-1951.5.8.4, BMNH-1951.5.8.5, BMNH-1951.5.8.6, BMNH-1951.5.8.8, BMNH-1951.8.28.16, BMNH-1951.8.28.17, BMNH-1951.8.28.18, BMNH-1959.12.16.1, BMNH-1959.12.16.10, BMNH-1959.12.16.11, BMNH-1959.12.16.13, BMNH-1959.12.16.15, BMNH-1959.12.16.2, BMNH-1959.12.16.3, BMNH-1959.12.16.4, BMNH-1959.12.16.6, BMNH-1959.12.16.7, BMNH-1959.12.16.8, BMNH-1959.12.6.5, BMNH-1959.5.16.1, BMNH-1980.2.20.14, BMNH-1981.1394, BMNH-1981.1395, BMNH-1981.1787, UCL-GMZ-Z1126, UCL-GMZ-Z1127, MNHB-36268, MNHB-36269, MNHB-36270, MNHB-36271, MNHB-36274, MNHB-36275, MNHB-36278, MNHB-36281, MNHB-36282, MNHB-36283, MNHB-36284, OUM4788, UMZC 7881, UMZC 7882, UMZC 7884. Lobodon carcinophaga: BMNH-1843.11.16.2, BMNH-1844.10.29.18, BMNH-1844.11.16.4, BMNH-1846.4.15.19, BMNH-1846.4.15.20, BMNH-1901.1.4.10, BMNH-1908.2.10.36, BMNH-1908.2.20.32, BMNH-1908.2.20.34, BMNH-1908.2.20.39, BMNH-1908.2.20.41, BMNH-1908.2.20.43, BMNH-1910.9.19.3, BMNH-1935.3.29.1, BMNH-1935.3.29.3, BMNH-1935.3.29.4, BMNH-1939.2.4.1, BMNH-1939.2.4.3, BMNH-1939.2.4.4, BMNH-1939.2.4.6, BMNH-1939.2.4.7, BMNH-1939.2.4.8, BMNH-1939.4479, BMNH-1940.4.6.10, BMNH-1940.4.6.11, BMNH-1940.4.6.111, BMNH-1940.4.6.12, BMNH-1940.4.6.129, BMNH-1940.4.6.13, BMNH-1940.4.6.132, BMNH-1940.4.6.49, BMNH-1940.4.6.52, BMNH-1940.4.6.58, BMNH-1940.4.6.63, BMNH-1940.4.6.67, BMNH-1940.4.6.7, BMNH-1940.4.6.77, BMNH-1940.4.6.85, BMNH-1940.4.6.86, BMNH-1940.4.6.88, BMNH-1940.4.6.89, BMNH-1940.4.6.90, BMNH-1940.4.6.92, BMNH-1940.4.6.93, BMNH-1949.4.6.8, BMNH-1951.6.25.4, BMNH-1951.6.25.5, BMNH-1951.8.28.15, BMNH-1956.12.8.6, BMNH-1957.3.12.1, BMNH-1957.8.15.1, BMNH-1959.12.8.10, BMNH-1959.12.8.18, BMNH-1959.12.8.2, BMNH-1959.12.8.3, BMNH-1959.12.8.5, BMNH-1959.12.8.7, BMNH-1959.12.8.8, BMNH-1959.12.8.9, BMNH-1981.1323, BMNH-1981.1324, BMNH-1981.1325, BMNH-1981.1334, BMNH-1981.1336, MNHB-36258, MNHB-36265, MNHB-38325, MNHB-38329, MNHB-86629, MNHB-86630. Mirounga angustirostris: BMNH-1966.10.24.3. Mirounga leonina: UE-NHC-XH13-6.1, BMNH-1843.11.16.25 (334.b), BMNH-1846.4.15.21 (33.4.c), BMNH-1876.1.28.82 334.e), BMNH-1894.11.17.1, BMNH-1912.9.28.1, BMNH-1922.1.28.2, BMNH-1930.12.13.1, BMNH-1933.8.12.1, BMNH-1939.4.29.1, BMNH-1939.4.29.4, BMNH-1939.5.20.1, BMNH-1949.2.1.3, BMNH-1949.2.3.11, BMNH-1949.2.3.12, BMNH-1949.2.3.14, BMNH-1950.7.21.9, BMNH-1951.7.17.1, BMNH-1951.7.17.3, BMNH-1951.7.17.5, BMNH-1951.7.17.7, BMNH-1951.7.17.8, BMNH-1954.5.20.13, BMNH-1954.5.20.21, BMNH-1954.5.20.22, BMNH-1954.5.20.23, BMNH-1954.5.20.32, BMNH-1954.5.20.33, BMNH-1954.5.20.34, BMNH-1954.5.20.37, BMNH-1954.5.20.38, BMNH-1954.5.20.4, BMNH-1954.5.20.5, BMNH-1954.5.20.52, BMNH-1954.5.20.55, BMNH-1954.5.20.58, BMNH-1954.5.20.6, BMNH-1954.5.20.60, BMNH-1954.5.20.61, BMNH-1954.5.20.61, BMNH-1954.5.20.62, BMNH-1954.5.20.64, BMNH-1954.5.20.67, BMNH-1954.5.20.67, BMNH-1954.5.20.68, BMNH-1954.5.20.7, BMNH-1954.5.20.8, BMNH-1954.5.20.9, BMNH-1955.11.24.3, BMNH-1959.12.17.2, BMNH-1959.12.17.3, BMNH-1981.1265, BMNH-1981.1392, BMNH-334d, BMNH-81.1381, BMNH-82200, BMNH-867, MNHB-36227, MNHB-36230, MNHB-36238, MNHB-36239, MNHB-36240, MNHB-36241, MNHB-36242, MNHB-47195, MNHB-4857, MNHB-4894, MNHB-86281, MNHN-1931-46, MNHN-1952-185, MNHN-1952-198, MNHN-1955-170, MNHN-1955-171, MNHN-1972-142, MNHN-1977-20, MNHN-1977-23, MNHN-1977-24, MNHN-1983-045, ZMA 23.394. Monachus monachus: BMNH-1863.4.1.1 (1421.a), BMNH-1892.11.7.1, BMNH-1894.7.27.1 (1063.f), BMNH-1894.7.27.2 (1063.g), BMNH-1951.4.17.1, MNHB-1520, MNHB-16083, MNHB-47518, UMZC 7781. Neomonachus schauinslandi: BMNH-1958.11.26.1. Neomonachus tropicalis: BMNH-1989.11.5.1. Ommatophoca rossii: BMNH-1901.1.4.12, BMNH-1901.1.4.13, BMNH-1908.2.20.47, BMNH-1908.2.20.48, BMNH-1908.2.20.50, BMNH-1949.2.3.1, BMNH-1949.9.2.3.2, BMNH-1951.4.24.1, BMNH-1961.2.24.1, BMNH-1961.2.24.10, BMNH-1961.2.24.2, BMNH-1961.2.24.4, BMNH-1961.2.24.7, BMNH-1961.2.24.8, BMNH-1961.2.24.9, BMNH-1965.12.20.1, MNHB-36245, MNHB-36246, MNHB-36247, MNHB-36248. Pagophilus groenlandicus: BMNH-1843.10.7.9, UCL-GMZ-Z304, BMNH-1843.6.23.5, BMNH-1843.6.23.6, BMNH-1843.6.23.7, BMNH-1919.7.7.3262, BMNH-1938.12.10.1, BMNH-1938.12.10.2, BMNH-1938.12.10.3, BMNH-1951.11.28.2, BMNH-1963.7.19.1, BMNH-1963.7.19.3, BMNH-1963.7.19.4, BMNH-1963.7.19.5, BMNH-328.g, MNHN-1865-509, MNHN-1985-2007, UMZC 8281, UMZC 8282, UMZC 8283, UMZC 8284, UMZC 8285, ZMA 16.851, ZMA 16.852, ZMA 20.229, ZMA 20.301, ZMA 20.323, ZMA 20.324, ZMA 20.325, ZMA 20.326, ZMA 20.327, ZMA 20.331, ZMA 20.334, ZMA 20.344, ZMA 20.347, ZMA 20.348, ZMA 20.364, ZMA 20.367, ZMA 20.382, ZMA 20.406, ZMA 20.41, ZMA 20.412, ZMA 20.413, ZMA 23.233, ZMA 23.483, ZMA 24.694, ZMA 671, ZMA 699, ZMA 890, ZMA 893. Pusa hispida: BMNH-1004.c, BMNH-1889.4.1.1., BMNH-1895.6.20.1, BMNH-1919.7.7.3264, BMNH-1937.10.23.1, BMNH-1937.10.23.2, BMNH-1937.10.23.3, BMNH-1937.10.23.5, BMNH-1937.10.23.6, BMNH-1937.5.19.1, BMNH-1937.5.19.3, BMNH-1938.11.26.6, BMNH-1938.11.26.7, BMNH-1938.12.10.5, BMNH-1938.12.3.1, BMNH-1997.585, MNHN-1934-45, OUM13899, UMZC 8201, UMZC 8204, UMZC 8205, ZMA 17.183, ZMA 24.214, ZMA 24.348, ZMA 25.003, ZMA 33.706, ZMA 898, ZMA 899. Phoca largha: BMNH-1873.11.5.7, BMNH-1891.12.18.6, BMNH-1965.7.19.12, BMNH-1965.7.19.13, BMNH-1965.7.19.14. Phoca vitulina: BMNH-1004.f, BMNH-1868.3.21.1, BMNH-1877.12.10.2, BMNH-1919.7.7.3260, BMNH-1951.3.2.1, BMNH-1954.9.23.1, BMNH-329.d, BMNH-1886.3.18.1, BMNH-1928.9.1.2, BMNH-329.i, UCL-GMZ-Z2250, UCL-GMZ-Z303, MNHB-72452, MNHB-72453, MNHB-72454, MNHB-72455, MNHB-85866, MNHN-1880-771, MNHN-1894-524, MNHN-1902-560, MNHN-1940-161, MNHN-1940-294, MNHN-1951-147, MNHN-1983-792, MNHN-2007-411, UE-NHC-XH13-2.3, UE-NHC-XH13-2.3a, UE-NHC-XH13-2.6, OUM 13871, OUM 13875, OUM13870, OUM13873, OUM13902, OUM7105, UMZC 8081, UMZC 8087, UMZC 8088, UMZC 8089, UMZC 8090, UMZC 8092, UMZC 8095, UMZC 8099, UMZC 8173, UMZC 8191, ZMA 23.556, ZMA 23.558, ZMA 23.559, ZMA 23.56, ZMA 23.561, ZMA 23.562, ZMA 23.712, ZMA 23.713, ZMA 23.716, ZMA 23.717, ZMA 23.718, ZMA 23.721, ZMA 23.722, ZMA 23.725, ZMA 23.726, ZMA 23.735, ZMA 23.758, ZMA 23.759, ZMA 23.76, ZMA 23.771, ZMA 23.817, ZMA 23.819, ZMA 23.823, ZMA 23.824. Pusa caspica: BMNH-1963.7.19.10, BMNH-1963.7.19.11, BMNH-1963.7.19.12, BMNH-1963.7.19.13, BMNH-1963.7.19.14, BMNH-1963.7.19.15, BMNH-1965.7.19.1, BMNH-1965.7.19.2, BMNH-1966.2.15.1, UMZC 8241. Pusa sibirica: BMNH-1909.10.15.2, BMNH-1959.6.10.1, BMNH-1960.12.21.1, BMNH-1963.7.19.8, BMNH-1963.7.19.9, BMNH-1965.7.19.3, BMNH-1965.7.19.4, BMNH-1965.9.6.1, BMNH-1965.9.6.2, MNHB-83441. Zalophus californianus: ZMA 24.440, MNHN-1901-646, MNHN-1879-271, MNHN-1882-190, MNHN-1879-269, MNHN-1879-270, MNHN-1897-22, BMNH-1903.10.11.3, BMNH-1903.10.11.4, BMNH-1952.12.19.1, BMNH-1903.10.11.5, BMNH-1903.10.11.6, BMNH-1908.10.11.2. Zalophus japonicus: BMNH-1973.3.12.1. Zalophus wollebaeki: MNHN-1962-1141, MNHN-1962-1142, MNHN-1962-1143, MNHN-1962-1144, MNHN-1962-1145, MNHN-1962-1146, MNHN-1962-1148, MNHN-1962-1149, MNHN-1962-1155, MNHN-1962-1156, MNHN-1962-1158, MNHN-1973-293. Zalophus sp.: BMNH-1951.2.2.1, BMNH-1951.3.6.2, BMNH-1954.2.9.1, UCL-GMZ-Z1076, UCL-GMZ-Z2238, UCL-GMZ-Z2342, UCL-GMZ-Z301, MNHB-43163, MNHB-61617, MNHB-72821, MNHB-92601, MNHN-1934-528, MNHN-1944-276, UE-NHC-XH13-3.1, UE-NHC-XH13-3.1a, UE-NHC-XH13-3.5, UE-NHC-XH13-3.6, UMZC 7122, ZMA 11.124, ZMA 11.125, ZMA 11.126, ZMA 1698, ZMA 17.819, ZMA 20.346, ZMA 21.902, ZMA 22.956, ZMA 667, ZMA 7384, MNHB-31399.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Drehmer, C.J., Sanfelice, D. & Loch, C. Dental anomalies in pinnipeds (Carnivora: Otariidae and Phocidae): occurrence and evolutionary implications. Zoomorphology 134, 325–338 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00435-015-0255-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00435-015-0255-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation