Abstract
Purpose
Penile cancer (PC) is a great impact on the quality of life and psychological status of patients. This study aimed to construct nomograms using data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database to predict overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) in patients with penile cancer (PC).
Methods
Patients were divided into a training cohort (n = 634) and a validation cohort (n = 272) in a 7:3 ratio. Independent risk factors influencing the prognosis of PC were screened using univariate and multivariate Cox analyses, and models for predicting PC were developed. Data from 203 patients with PC in four tertiary hospitals in Gansu Province from 2012 to 2021 were externally validated.
Results
Univariate analysis and multivariate analysis showed revealed that the OS-related factors were age, grade, T stage, N stage, M stage and tumor size (p < 0.05); the CSS-related factors were age, mode of surgery, T stage, N stage, M stage and tumor size (p < 0.05). The C-indices of the OS and CSS nomograms in the training cohort were 0.743 [95% confidence interval (CI) (0.714–0.772)] and 0.797 (0.762–0.832), respectively. The C-indices of the OS and CSS nomograms in the internal validation cohort were 0.735 (0.686–0.784) and 0.755 (0.688–0.822), respectively, and those in the external validation cohort were 0.801 (0.746–0.856) and 0.863 (0.812–0.914), respectively. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, calibration curves, and survival curves all demonstrated good predictive performance of the nomograms.
Conclusion
The nomograms for PC were developed using the SEER database. The accuracy and clinical usefulness of the model were validated through a combination of internal and external validations.
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Data availability
All SEER data for this study were publicly available and can be found here: http://seer.cancer.gov/seerstat/.
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Acknowledgements
We were grateful to the SEER database for providing us with a public database.
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Conceptualization: SY, Methodology: WC, Validation: BZ and QH, Formal Analysis: BZ, Data Curation: YK, YY and JW, Writing-Original Draft Preparation: SY, Writing-Review & Editing: PS. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
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The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki. The SEER database is a public database and does not require ethical approval. This research is a retrospective study and involves research in humans. The study passed the ethical review of the Lanzhou University Second Hospital (2021A-085).
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Yang, S., Chang, W., Zhang, B. et al. Development and validation of a predictive model for penile cancer based on the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results database and multi-center cases. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 149, 13665–13676 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00432-023-04784-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00432-023-04784-1