Abstract
Purpose
Spread through air spaces (STAS) is a crucial invasive mode of lung cancer and has been shown to be associated with early recurrence and metastasis. We aimed to develop a prognostic risk assessment model for stage I lung adenocarcinoma based on STAS and other pathological features and to explore the potential relationship between CXCL-8, Smad2, Snail, and STAS.
Methods
312 patients who underwent surgery at Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital with pathologically diagnosed stage I lung adenocarcinoma were reviewed in the study. STAS and other pathological features were identified by H&E staining, and a prognostic risk assessment model was established. The expression levels of CXCL8, Smad2, and Snail were determined by immunohistochemistry.
Results
The nomogram was established based on age, smoking history, STAS, tumor lymphocyte infiltration, tissue subtype, nuclear grade, and tumor size. The C-index for DFS was (training set 0.84 vs validation set 0.77) and for OS was (training set 0.83 vs validation set 0.78). Decision curve analysis showed that the model constructed has a better net benefit than traditional reporting. The prognostic risk score validated the risk stratification value for stage I lung adenocarcinoma. STAS was an important prognostic factor associated with stronger invasiveness and higher expression of CXCL8, Smad2, and Snail. CXCL8 was associated with poorer DFS and OS.
Conclusions
We developed and validated a survival risk assessment model and the prognostic risk score formula for stage I lung adenocarcinoma. Additionally, we found that CXCL8 could be used as a potential biomarker for STAS and poor prognosis, and its mechanism may be related to EMT.
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Data availability
The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank everyone who participated in this study.
Funding
This study was funded by the Haiyan Foundation of Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital (JJZD2020-14).
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All authors contributed to the study's conception and design. YYN, YZ, and XHH collected and analyzed the data in the study. YYN, YZ, XHH, NA, QB, SNG, YLH, YY, QJZ and XML discussed the results and contributed to the final manuscript. YYN, YZ, and XHH drafted the manuscript. YY, QJZ and XML conceived of the presented idea and completed the critical revision of the article. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
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Niu, Y., Han, X., Zeng, Y. et al. The significance of spread through air spaces in the prognostic assessment model of stage I lung adenocarcinoma and the exploration of its invasion mechanism. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 149, 7125–7138 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00432-023-04619-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00432-023-04619-z