Abstract
Purpose
Malignant rhabdoid tumor (MRT) is a rare, highly aggressive sarcoma with an uncertain cell of origin. Despite the existing standard of intensive multimodal therapy, the prognosis of patients with MRT is very poor. Novel antitumor agents are needed for MRT patients. Forkhead box transcription factor 1 (FOXM1) is overexpressed and is correlated with the pathogenesis in several human malignancies. In this study, we identified the clinicopathological and prognostic values of the expression of FOXM1 and its roles in the progression of MRT.
Methods
We investigated the FOXM1 expression levels and their clinical significance in 23 MRT specimens using immunohistochemistry and performed clinicopathologic and prognostic analyses. We also demonstrated correlations between the downregulation of FOXM1 and oncological characteristics using small interfering RNA (siRNA) and FOXM1 inhibitor in MRT cell lines.
Results
Histopathological analyses revealed that primary renal MRTs showed significantly low FOXM1 protein expression levels (p = 0.032); however, there were no significant differences in other clinicopathological characteristics or the survival rate. FOXM1 siRNA and FOXM1 inhibitor (thiostrepton) successfully downregulated the mRNA and protein expression of FOXM1 in vitro and the downregulation of FOXM1 inhibited cell proliferation, drug resistance to chemotherapeutic agents, migration, invasion, and caused the cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of MRT cell lines. A cDNA microarray analysis showed that FOXM1 regulated FANCD2 and NBS1, which are key genes for DNA damage repair.
Conclusion
This study demonstrates that FOXM1 may serve as a promising therapeutic target for MRT.
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Abbreviations
- MRT:
-
Malignant rhabdoid tumor
- MRTK:
-
MRT of the kidney
- EMRT:
-
Extra-renal non-cranial MRT
- AT/RT:
-
Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor
- ATP:
-
Adenosine triphosphate
- CDK:
-
Cyclin-dependent kinase
- RB:
-
Retinoblastoma
- MYC:
-
C-avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog hemoglobin
- FOXM1:
-
Forkhead box protein M1
- DOX:
-
Doxorubicin
- FANCD2:
-
Fanconi anemia complementation group D2
- NBS1:
-
Nijmegen breakage syndrome 1
- ATM:
-
Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated
- IHC:
-
Immunohistochemical
- FBS:
-
Fetal bovine serum
- siRNA:
-
Small interfering RNA
- qRT-PCR:
-
Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction
- ANOVA:
-
Analysis of variance
- PI:
-
Propidium iodide
- ATR:
-
ATM and RAD3-related
- IR:
-
Ionizing radiation
- H2AX:
-
H2A histone family member X
- FAN1:
-
Fanconi-associated nuclease 1
- Pol Eta:
-
DNA polymerase eta
- BRCA1:
-
Breast cancer susceptibility gene 1
- MRE11:
-
Meiotic recombination 11
- RAD50:
-
DNA repair protein RAD50
- DSB:
-
DNA double-strand break
- HRR:
-
Homologous recombination repair
- NHEJ:
-
Non-homologous end joining
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Acknowledgements
The authors thank to Maiko Takahashi (Kamakura Techno-Science, Inc.) for her invaluable assistance with the 3D-Gene analysis and the technical assistance from The Research Support Center, Research Center for Human Disease Modeling, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences.
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This study was supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI grants, (JP19H03444).
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Shibui, Y., Kohashi, K., Tamaki, A. et al. The forkhead box M1 (FOXM1) expression and antitumor effect of FOXM1 inhibition in malignant rhabdoid tumor. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 147, 1499–1518 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00432-020-03438-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00432-020-03438-w