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Optical techniques for the noninvasive diagnosis of skin cancer

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Abstract

Purpose

The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the most investigated optical diagnostic techniques: optical coherence tomography, fluorescence spectrometry, reflectance spectrometry, Raman spectroscopy, and confocal microscopy.

Methods

A search of three databases was conducted using specific keywords and explicit inclusion and exclusion criteria for the analysis of the performances of these techniques in the pre- and postoperative diagnosis of skin cancers.

Results

Optical coherence tomography has shown promising results in the assessment of deep margins of skin tumors and inflammatory skin diseases, but differentiating premalignant from malignant lesions proved to be less effective. Fluorescence spectroscopy proved to be effective in revealing the biochemical composition of tissue; early detection of malignant melanoma was reliable only with stepwise two-photon excitation of melanin, while tumoral margin assessment and differential diagnosis between malignant and non-malignant lesions showed some conflicting results. Characterization of the structural properties of tissue can be made using diffuse reflectance spectrometry, and the values of the specificity and sensitivity of this method are ranging between 72–92 % and 64–92 %, respectively. Raman spectroscopy proved to have better results both in carcinoma and melanoma diagnosis with sensitivities and specificities above 90 % and high above 50 %, respectively. Confocal microscopy is the closest technique to pathological examination and has gained the most clinical acceptance, despite the need for a standardization of the interpretation algorithm.

Conclusions

In conclusion, these optical techniques proved to be effective in the diagnosis of skin cancer, but further studies are needed in finding the appropriate method or combination of methods that can have wide clinical applications.

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Acknowledgments

This work was financed by the Ministry of Education, Research, Youth and Sport by means of the Research Program no. PN II PCCA 184/2012.

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We declare that we have no conflict of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Institute of Research and Development for Optoelectronics INOE 2000, 409 Atomistilor Street, P.O. Box MG5, 077125, Magurele, Ilfov, Romania

    Mihaela Antonina Calin, Roxana Savastru & Simona Dontu

  2. Emergency Clinical Hospital for Plastic, Reconstructive Surgery and Burns, 218 Grivitei Street, Bucharest, Romania

    Sorin Viorel Parasca

  3. “Horia Hulubei” National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, IFIN HH, 30 Reactorului Street, Magurele, Ilfov, Romania

    Marian Romeo Calin

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  1. Mihaela Antonina Calin
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Correspondence to Mihaela Antonina Calin.

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Calin, M.A., Parasca, S.V., Savastru, R. et al. Optical techniques for the noninvasive diagnosis of skin cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 139, 1083–1104 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00432-013-1423-3

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