Abstract
Between 2015 and 2017, an estimated 200,000 to 400,000 children were seeking asylum each year in EU/EEA countries. As access to high-quality health care is important, we collected and compared current recommendations across Europe for a consensus recommendation on medical care for migrant (asylum-seeking and refugee) children. Existing recommendations were collected from published literature and identified through national representatives from paediatric societies of 31 EU/EEA countries through the European Academy of Paediatrics (EAP). Recommendations were systematically extracted and collected in a database. Those mentioned in at least one recommendation were evaluated for inclusion, and evidence on recommendations was specifically identified in literature searches focused on recent evidence from Europe. For eight EU/EEA countries, a national recommendation was identified. Growth and development, vision and hearing impairment, skin and dental problems, immunisations, anaemia, micronutrient deficiency, helminths, hepatitis B and C, human immunodeficiency virus, malaria, schistosomiasis, syphilis, tuberculosis, mental health disorder and sexual health were most frequently mentioned and therefore selected for inclusion in the recommendation.
Conclusion: The current document includes general recommendations on ethical standards, use of interpreters and specific recommendations for prevention or early detection of communicable and non-communicable diseases. It may serve as a tool to ensure the fundamental right that migrant children in Europe receive a comprehensive, patient-centred health care.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Al-Ammouri I, Ayoub F (2016) Heart disease in Syrian refugee children: experience at Jordan University hospital. Ann Glob Health 82:300–306
Aldridge RW, Zenner D, White PJ, Williamson EJ, Muzyamba MC, Dhavan P, Mosca D, Thomas HL, Lalor MK, Abubakar I, Hayward AC (2016) Tuberculosis in migrants moving from high-incidence to low-incidence countries: a population-based cohort study of 519 955 migrants screened before entry to England, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Lancet 388:2510–2518
Baauw A, Slinker K, Goosen S (2017) Komt een vluchtelingenkind op uw spreekuur Praktische Pediatrie 2017;11(1):10–16
Basatemur E, Hunter R, Horsfall L, Sutcliffe A, Rait G (2017) Costs of vitamin D testing and prescribing among children in primary care. Eur J Pediatr 176:1405–1409
Bean TM, Eurelings-Bontekoe E, Spinhoven P (2007) Course and predictors of mental health of unaccompanied refugee minors in the Netherlands: one year follow-up. Soc Sci Med 64:1204–1215
Belhadj Kouider E, Koglin U, Petermann F (2014) Emotional and behavioral problems in migrant children and adolescents in Europe: a systematic review. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 23:373–391
Bennett RJ, Brodine S, Waalen J, Moser K, Rodwell TC (2014) Prevalence and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection among newly arrived refugees in San Diego County, January 2010-October 2012. Am J Public Health 104:e95–e102
Berg RC, Underland V, Odgaard-Jensen J, Fretheim A, Vist GE (2014) Effects of female genital cutting on physical health outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 4:e006316
Bernhard S, Büttcher M, Heininger U, Ratnam S, Relly C, Trück J, Wagner N, Zucol F, Berger C, Ritz N (2016) Guidance for testing and preventing infections and updating immunisations in asymptomatic refugee children and adolescents in Switzerland. Paediatrica 27:11–18
Bilukha OO, Jayasekaran D, Burton A, Faender G, King’ori J, Amiri M, Jessen D, Leidman E, Division of Global Health Protection CfGHCDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2014) Nutritional status of women and child refugees from Syria-Jordan, April-May 2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 63:638–639
Bird S (2010) Failure to use an interpreter. Aust Fam Physician 39:241–242
Bischoff A (2006) Caring for migrant and minority patients in European hospitals: a review of effective interventions. Swiss Forum for Migration and Population Studies, Neuchâtel
Bottcher S, Neubauer K, Baillot A, Rieder G, Adam M, Diedrich S (2015) Stool screening of Syrian refugees and asylum seekers in Germany, 2013/2014: identification of Sabin like polioviruses. Int J Med Microbiol 305:601–606
Branda JA, Lin TY, Rosenberg ES, Halpern EF, Ferraro MJ (2006) A rational approach to the stool ova and parasite examination. Clin Infect Dis 42:972–978
Brandenberger J, Tylleskär T, Sontag K, Peterhans B, Ritz N (2019) A systematic literature review of reported challenges in health care delivery to migrants and refugees in high-income countries—the 3C model. BMC Public Health in press
Brodine SK, Thomas A, Huang R, Harbertson J, Mehta S, Leake J, Nutman T, Moser K, Wolf J, Ramanathan R, Burbelo P, Nou J, Wilkins P, Reed SL (2009) Community based parasitic screening and treatment of Sudanese refugees: application and assessment of Centers for Disease Control guidelines. Am J Trop Med Hyg 80:425–430
Buonfrate D, Requena-Mendez A, Angheben A, Munoz J, Gobbi F, Van Den Ende J, Bisoffi Z (2013) Severe strongyloidiasis: a systematic review of case reports. BMC Infect Dis 13:78
Cai W, Poethko-Muller C, Hamouda O, Radun D (2011) Hepatitis B virus infections among children and adolescents in Germany: migration background as a risk factor in a low seroprevalence population. Pediatr Infect Dis J 30:19–24
Caruana SR, Kelly HA, Ngeow JY, Ryan NJ, Bennett CM, Chea L, Nuon S, Bak N, Skull SA, Biggs BA (2006) Undiagnosed and potentially lethal parasite infections among immigrants and refugees in Australia. J Travel Med 13:233–239
Chaves NJ, Paxton G, Biggs BA, Thambiran A, Smith MWJ, Gardiner J DJ, on behalf of the Australasian Society for Infectious Diseases and Refugee Health Network of Australia Guidelines writing group (2016) Recommendations for comprehensive post-arrival health assessment for people from refugee-like backgrounds. https://www.asid.net.au/documents/item/1225. Accessed 28 Jan 2019
Chernet A, Kling K, Sydow V, Kuenzli E, Hatz C, Utzinger J, van Lieshout L, Marti H, Nickel B, Labhardt ND, Neumayr A (2017) Accuracy of diagnostic tests for Schistosoma mansoni infection in asymptomatic Eritrean refugees: serology and POC-CCA against stool microscopy. Clin Infect Dis 65:568–574
Coppola N, Alessio L, Gualdieri L, Pisaturo M, Sagnelli C, Minichini C, Di Caprio G, Starace M, Onorato L, Signoriello G, Macera M, Angelillo IF, Pasquale G, Sagnelli E (2017) Hepatitis B virus infection in undocumented immigrants and refugees in southern Italy: demographic, virological, and clinical features. Infect Dis Poverty 6:33
Council on Community P (2013) Providing care for immigrant, migrant, and border children. Pediatrics 131:e2028–e2034
Crawley J, Chu C, Mtove G, Nosten F (2010) Malaria in children. Lancet 375:1468–1481
Dawson-Hahn E, Pak-Gorstein S, Matheson J, Zhou C, Yun K, Scott K, Payton C, Stein E, Holland A, Grow HM, Mendoza JA (2016) Growth trajectories of refugee and nonrefugee children in the United States. Pediatrics 138:e20160953
Dawson-Hahn EE, Pak-Gorstein S, Hoopes AJ, Matheson J (2016) Comparison of the nutritional status of overseas refugee children with low income children in Washington state. PLoS One 11:e0147854
de Bot CM, Moed H, Schellevis FG, de Groot H, van Wijk RG, van der Wouden JC (2009) Allergic rhinitis in children: incidence and treatment in Dutch general practice in 1987 and 2001. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 20:571–577
de la Fuente IG, Wagner N, Siegrist CA, Posfay-Barbe KM (2013) Tetanus immunity as a surrogate for past diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis immunization in migrant children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 32:274–277
Del Amo J, Likatavicius G, Perez-Cachafeiro S, Hernando V, Gonzalez C, Jarrin I, Noori T, Hamers FF, Bolumar F (2011) The epidemiology of HIV and AIDS reports in migrants in the 27 European Union countries, Norway and Iceland: 1999-2006. Eur J Pub Health 21:620–626
Huppertz, HI, Kommission für Infektionskrankheiten und Impffragen, Deutsche Akademie für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin & Kommission für Globale Kindergesundheit, Deutsche Akademie für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin Monatsschr Kinderheilkd (2018) 166: 894. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00112-018-0497-z
Disease GBD, Injury I, Prevalence C (2016) Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet 388:1545–1602
Divi C, Koss RG, Schmaltz SP, Loeb JM (2007) Language proficiency and adverse events in US hospitals: a pilot study. Int J Qual Health Care 19:60–67
Edmunds WJ, Medley GF, Nokes DJ, Hall AJ, Whittle HC (1993) The influence of age on the development of the hepatitis B carrier state. Proc Biol Sci 253:197–201
Eggemoen AR, Knutsen KV, Dalen I, Jenum AK (2013) Vitamin D status in recently arrived immigrants from Africa and Asia: a cross-sectional study from Norway of children, adolescents and adults. BMJ Open 3:e003293
Eonomopoulou A, Pavli A, Stasinopoulou P, Giannopoulos LA, Tsiodras S (2017) Migrant screening: lessons learned from the migrant holding level at the Greek-Turkish borders. J Infect Public Health 10:177–184
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2016) Systematic review on hepatitis B and C prevalence in the EU/EEA. ECDC, Stockholm
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2018) Cost-effectiveness analysis of programmatic screening strategies for latent tuberculosis infection in the EU/EEA. ECDC, Stockholm
Ferrara P, Amato M, Hadjipanayis A, del Torso S, Stiris T (2015) The rights of children arriving in Europe. Lancet 386:1939–1940
Flores G, Abreu M, Barone CP, Bachur R, Lin H (2012) Errors of medical interpretation and their potential clinical consequences: a comparison of professional versus ad hoc versus no interpreters. Ann Emerg Med 60:545–553
Franco-Paredes C, Dismukes R, Nicolls D, Hidron A, Workowski K, Rodriguez-Morales A, Wilson M, Jones D, Manyang P, Kozarsky P (2007) Persistent and untreated tropical infectious diseases among Sudanese refugees in the United States. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77:633–635
Garcia EA, Roy LC, Okada PJ, Perkins SD, Wiebe RA (2004) A comparison of the influence of hospital-trained, ad hoc, and telephone interpreters on perceived satisfaction of limited English-proficient parents presenting to a pediatric emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care 20:373–378
Gehri M, Jäger F, Wagner N, Gehri M (2016) Klinische Betreuung von Migranten: Fokus Pädiatrie. Paediatrica 27:3–10
GGD GHOR Nederland (2014) Basistakenpakket JGZ asielzoekerkinderen 0–19 jaar. https://www.ggdghorkennisnet.nl/?file=32797&m=1489581867&action=file.download. Accessed 28 Jan 2019
Gray K, Wood N, Gunasekera H, Sheikh M, Hazelton B, Barzi F, Isaacs D (2012) Vitamin d and tuberculosis status in refugee children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 31:521–523
Greaves D, Coggle S, Pollard C, Aliyu SH, Moore EM (2013) Strongyloides stercoralis infection. BMJ 347:f4610
Greier K, Riechelmann H (2014) Effects of migration background on weight status and motor performance of preschool children. Wien Klin Wochenschr 126:95–100
Grois N, Auer H, Beeretz I, Blaha-Hauser B, Fohler O, Forstner A, Fröhlich C, Grisold A, Huemer M, Kasper D, Kollaritsch H, Roithner-Kolarik B, Strenger V, Ulreich R, Wiedermann U (2016) Empfehlungen für medizinische Maßnahmen bei immigrierenden Kindern und Jugendlichen. Pädiatrie Pädologie 51:51–58
Group IMW (2018) (2017) ISSOP position statement on migrant child health. Child Care Health Dev 44(1):161–170
Group IMW (2018) ISSOP position statement on migrant child health. Child Care Health Dev 44:161–170
Gualdi-Russo E, Toselli S, Masotti S, Marzouk D, Sundquist K, Sundquist J (2014) Health, growth and psychosocial adaptation of immigrant children. Eur J Pub Health 24(Suppl 1):16–25
Gualdi-Russo E, Zaccagni L, Manzon VS, Masotti S, Rinaldo N, Khyatti M (2014) Obesity and physical activity in children of immigrants. Eur J Pub Health 24(Suppl 1):40–46
Hadziabdic E, Heikkila K, Albin B, Hjelm K (2009) Migrants' perceptions of using interpreters in health care. Int Nurs Rev 56:461–469
Hadziabdic E, Albin B, Heikkila K, Hjelm K (2014) Family members' experiences of the use of interpreters in healthcare. Prim Health Care Res Dev 15:156–169
Hadziabdic E, Albin B, Hjelm K (2014) Arabic-speaking migrants' attitudes, opinions, preferences and past experiences concerning the use of interpreters in healthcare: a postal cross-sectional survey. BMC Res Notes 7:71
Hahne SJ, Veldhuijzen IK, Wiessing L, Lim TA, Salminen M, Laar M (2013) Infection with hepatitis B and C virus in Europe: a systematic review of prevalence and cost-effectiveness of screening. BMC Infect Dis 13:181
Hampers LC, McNulty JE (2002) Professional interpreters and bilingual physicians in a pediatric emergency department: effect on resource utilization. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 156:1108–1113
Hemminki K (2014) Immigrant health, our health. Eur J Pub Health 24(Suppl 1):92–95
Heudorf U, Karathana M, Krackhardt B, Huber M, Raupp P, Zinn C (2016) Surveillance for parasites in unaccompanied minor refugees migrating to Germany in 2015. GMS Hyg Infect Control 11:Doc05
Hinz R, Schwarz NG, Hahn A, Frickmann H (2017) Serological approaches for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis - a review. Mol Cell Probes 31:2–21
Hjern A, Stubbe Østergaard L (2016) Deliverable D3 (D7.1): migrant children in Europe: entitlements to health care. http://www.childhealthservicemodels.eu/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/20160831_Deliverable-D3-D7.1_Migrant-children-in-Europe.pdf. Accessed 28 Jan 2019
Hjern A, Ostergaard LS, Norredam M, de Luna CM, Goldfeld S (2017) Health policies for migrant children in Europe and Australia. Lancet 389:249
Hoch M, Wieser A, Loscher T, Margos G, Purner F, Zuhl J, Seilmaier M, Balzer L, Guggemos W, Rack-Hoch A, von Both U, Hauptvogel K, Schonberger K, Hautmann W, Sing A, Fingerle V (2015) Louse-borne relapsing fever (Borrelia recurrentis) diagnosed in 15 refugees from Northeast Africa: epidemiology and preventive control measures, Bavaria, Germany, July to October 2015. Euro Surveill 20:30046. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2015.20.42.30046
Hofstraat SHI, Falla AM, Duffell EF, Hahne SJM, Amato-Gauci AJ, Veldhuijzen IK, Tavoschi L (2017) Current prevalence of chronic hepatitis B and C virus infection in the general population, blood donors and pregnant women in the EU/EEA: a systematic review. Epidemiol Infect 145:2873–2885
Horlings A, Hein I (2018) Psychiatric screening and interventions for minor refugees in Europe: an overview of approaches and tools. Eur J Pediatr 177:163–169
Hudelson P, Dominice Dao M, Perneger T, Durieux-Paillard S (2014) A “migrant friendly hospital” initiative in Geneva, Switzerland: evaluation of the effects on staff knowledge and practices. PLoS One 9:e106758
Huntington N, Horan K, Epee-Bounya A, Schonwald A (2016) Developmental screening with Spanish-speaking families in a primary care setting. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 55:347–355
Iavazzo C, Sardi TA, Gkegkes ID (2013) Female genital mutilation and infections: a systematic review of the clinical evidence. Arch Gynecol Obstet 287:1137–1149
International Organization for Migration, European Commission (2015) health assessment of refugees and migrants in the EU/EEA. https://ec.europa.eu/health/sites/health/files/migrants/docs/handbook_healthprofessionals_en.pdf. Accessed 28 Jan 2019
Jablonka A, Happle C, Grote U, Schleenvoigt BT, Hampel A, Dopfer C, Hansen G, Schmidt RE, Behrens GM (2016) Measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella seroprevalence in refugees in Germany in 2015. Infection 44:781–787
Jaeger FN, Hossain M, Kiss L, Zimmerman C (2012) The health of migrant children in Switzerland. Int J Public Health 57:659–671
Jaeger FN, Kiss L, Hossain M, Zimmerman C (2013) Migrant-friendly hospitals: a paediatric perspective—improving hospital care for migrant children. BMC Health Serv Res 13:389
Jazwa A, Coleman MS, Gazmararian J, Wingate LT, Maskery B, Mitchell T, Weinberg M (2015) Cost-benefit comparison of two proposed overseas programs for reducing chronic hepatitis B infection among refugees: is screening essential. Vaccine 33:1393–1399
Jenkins HE, Yuen CM, Rodriguez CA, Nathavitharana RR, McLaughlin MM, Donald P, Marais BJ, Becerra MC (2017) Mortality in children diagnosed with tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 17:285–295
Kassebaum NJ, Collaborators GBDA (2016) The global burden of anemia. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 30:247–308
Khyatti M, Trimbitas RD, Zouheir Y, Benani A, El Messaoudi MD, Hemminki K (2014) Infectious diseases in North Africa and North African immigrants to Europe. Eur J Pub Health 24(Suppl 1):47–56
Koroma JB, Peterson J, Gbakima AA, Nylander FE, Sahr F, Soares Magalhaes RJ, Zhang Y, Hodges MH (2010) Geographical distribution of intestinal schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis and preventive chemotherapy strategies in Sierra Leone. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 4:e891
Kortas AZ, Polenz J, von Hayek J, Rudiger S, Rottbauer W, Storr U, Wibmer T (2017) Screening for infectious diseases among asylum seekers newly arrived in Germany in 2015: a systematic single-centre analysis. Public Health 153:1–8
Kroening AL, Moore JA, Welch TR, Halterman JS, Hyman SL (2016) Developmental screening of refugees: a qualitative study. Pediatrics 138:e20160234
Krupic F, Hellstrom M, Biscevic M, Sadic S, Fatahi N (2016) Difficulties in using interpreters in clinical encounters as experienced by immigrants living in Sweden. J Clin Nurs 25:1721–1728
Las Heras Manso G, Junca Piera J, Feliu Frasnedo E, Rovira Fernandez JM, Gil Garcia M (2008) Hemoglobinopathies and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in the Sub-Saharan immigrant population of the center and south Maresme region, Catalonia, Spain. Med Clin (Barc) 131:5–9
Liu Y, Weinberg MS, Ortega LS, Painter JA, Maloney SA (2009) Overseas screening for tuberculosis in U.S.-bound immigrants and refugees. N Engl J Med 360:2406–2415
Lopez-Velez R, Huerga H, Turrientes MC (2003) Infectious diseases in immigrants from the perspective of a tropical medicine referral unit. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69:115–121
Lowy G (1992) Sexually transmitted diseases in children. Pediatr Dermatol 9:329–334
Lucas M, Nicol P, McKinnon E, Whidborne R, Lucas A, Thambiran A, Burgner D, Waring J, French M (2010) A prospective large-scale study of methods for the detection of latent mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in refugee children. Thorax 65:442–448
MacPherson DW, Zencovich M, Gushulak BD (2006) Emerging pediatric HIV epidemic related to migration. Emerg Infect Dis 12:612–617
Manganelli L, Berrilli F, Di Cave D, Ercoli L, Capelli G, Otranto D, Giangaspero A (2012) Intestinal parasite infections in immigrant children in the city of Rome, related risk factors and possible impact on nutritional status. Parasit Vectors 5:265
Manzardo C, Trevino B, Gomez i Prat J, Cabezos J, Mongui E, Claveria I, Luis Del Val J, Zabaleta E, Zarzuela F, Navarro R (2008) Communicable diseases in the immigrant population attended to in a tropical medicine unit: epidemiological aspects and public health issues. Travel Med Infect Dis 6:4–11
Marcenes W, Kassebaum NJ, Bernabe E, Flaxman A, Naghavi M, Lopez A, Murray CJ (2013) Global burden of oral conditions in 1990-2010: a systematic analysis. J Dent Res 92:592–597
Marquardt L, Kramer A, Fischer F, Prufer-Kramer L (2016) Health status and disease burden of unaccompanied asylum-seeking adolescents in Bielefeld, Germany: cross-sectional pilot study. Tropical Med Int Health 21:210–218
Marras TK, Wilson J, Wang EE, Avendano M, Yang JW (2003) Tuberculosis among Tibetan refugee claimants in Toronto: 1998 to 2000. Chest 124:915–921
Marsanic VB, Franic T, Curkovic KD (2017) Mental health issues of refugee children: lessons from Croatia. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 26:377–381
Masvidal i Aliberch RM, Canadell Villaret D, Grupo de Cooperación IyAdlA (2017) Actualización del Protocolo de Atención a las Niñas y Niños Inmigrantes. Revisión 2016. Form Act Pediatr Aten Prim 10:3–15
McCann JC, Ames BN (2007) An overview of evidence for a causal relation between iron deficiency during development and deficits in cognitive or behavioral function. Am J Clin Nutr 85:931–945
Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine – Levels of Evidence (2009). https://www.cebm.net/2009/06/oxford-centre-evidence-based-medicine-levels-evidence-march-2009/. Accessed 28 Jan 2019
Meinel DM, Kuehl R, Zbinden R, Boskova V, Garzoni C, Fadini D, Dolina M, Blumel B, Weibel T, Tschudin-Sutter S, Widmer AF, Bielicki JA, Dierig A, Heininger U, Konrad R, Berger A, Hinic V, Goldenberger D, Blaich A, Stadler T, Battegay M, Sing A, Egli A (2016) Outbreak investigation for toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae wound infections in refugees from Northeast Africa and Syria in Switzerland and Germany by whole genome sequencing. Clin Microbiol Infect 22:1003 e1001–1003 e1008
Messina JP, Humphreys I, Flaxman A, Brown A, Cooke GS, Pybus OG, Barnes E (2015) Global distribution and prevalence of hepatitis C virus genotypes. Hepatology 61:77–87
Mikolajczyk RT, Akmatov MK, Stich H, Kramer A, Kretzschmar M (2008) Association between acculturation and childhood vaccination coverage in migrant populations: a population based study from a rural region in Bavaria, Germany. Int J Public Health 53:180–187
Mipatrini D, Stefanelli P, Severoni S, Rezza G (2017) Vaccinations in migrants and refugees: a challenge for European health systems. A systematic review of current scientific evidence. Pathog Glob Health 111:59–68
Mockenhaupt FP, Barbre KA, Jensenius M, Larsen CS, Barnett ED, Stauffer W, Rothe C, Asgeirsson H, Hamer DH, Esposito DH, Gautret P, Schlagenhauf P (2016) Profile of illness in Syrian refugees: a GeoSentinel analysis, 2013 to 2015. Euro Surveill 21:30160
Moeller MP, McCleary E, Putman C, Tyler-Krings A, Hoover B, Stelmachowicz P (2010) Longitudinal development of phonology and morphology in children with late-identified mild-moderate sensorineural hearing loss. Ear Hear 31:625–635
Munns CF, Shaw N, Kiely M, Specker BL, Thacher TD, Ozono K, Michigami T, Tiosano D, Mughal MZ, Makitie O, Ramos-Abad L, Ward L, DiMeglio LA, Atapattu N, Cassinelli H, Braegger C, Pettifor JM, Seth A, Idris HW, Bhatia V, Fu J, Goldberg G, Savendahl L, Khadgawat R, Pludowski P, Maddock J, Hypponen E, Oduwole A, Frew E, Aguiar M, Tulchinsky T, Butler G, Hogler W (2016) Global consensus recommendations on prevention and management of nutritional rickets. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 101:394–415
National Advisory Commission on Biomedical Ethics (2017) Migrants allophones et système de soins. https://www.nekcne.admin.ch/inhalte/Themen/Stellungnahmen/fr/DEF_NEK_Stellungnahme_Migranten_A4_FR_web.pdf. Accessed 28 Jan 2019
National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL). Pakolaisten ja turvapaikanhakijoiden infektio-ongelmien ehkäisy [prevention of infection problems among refugees and asylum seekers]. Saatavilla. 2009;21. [Available at]: http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-00-2939-5. Accessed 28 Jan 2019
National Working Group for Migrant Children of the Italian Society of Pediatrics (2013) Standard operating procedure for health assistance of newly arrived migrant minors. https://www.sip.it/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/GLNBM_SIP_SOP.pdf. Accessed 28 Jan 2019
Odone A, Tillmann T, Sandgren A, Williams G, Rechel B, Ingleby D, Noori T, Mladovsky P, McKee M (2015) Tuberculosis among migrant populations in the European Union and the European economic area. Eur J Pub Health 25:506–512
Oesch Nemeth G, Nemeth J, Altpeter E, Ritz N (2014) Epidemiology of childhood tuberculosis in Switzerland between 1996 and 2011. Eur J Pediatr 173:457–462
Okunseri C, Gonzalez C, Hodgson B (2015) Children’s oral health assessment, prevention, and treatment. Pediatr Clin N Am 62:1215–1226
Ott JJ, Stevens GA, Groeger J, Wiersma ST (2012) Global epidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection: new estimates of age-specific HBsAg seroprevalence and endemicity. Vaccine 30:2212–2219
Padovese V, Egidi AM, Melillo TF, Farrugia B, Carabot P, Didero D, Costanzo G, Mirisola C (2014) Prevalence of latent tuberculosis, syphilis, hepatitis B and C among asylum seekers in Malta. J Public Health (Oxf) 36:22–27
Pai M, Zwerling A, Menzies D (2008) Systematic review: T-cell-based assays for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection: an update. Ann Intern Med 149:177–184
Palacios C, Gonzalez L (2014) Is vitamin D deficiency a major global public health problem? J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 144(Pt A):138–145
Pareek M, Baussano I, Abubakar I, Dye C, Lalvani A (2012) Evaluation of immigrant tuberculosis screening in industrialized countries. Emerg Infect Dis 18:1422–1429
Pavlopoulou ID, Tanaka M, Dikalioti S, Samoli E, Nisianakis P, Boleti OD, Tsoumakas K (2017) Clinical and laboratory evaluation of new immigrant and refugee children arriving in Greece. BMC Pediatr 17:132
Paxton GA, Sangster KJ, Maxwell EL, McBride CR, Drewe RH (2012) Post-arrival health screening in Karen refugees in Australia. PLoS One 7:e38194
Pfeil J, Kobbe R, Trapp S, Kitz C, Hufnagel M (2015) Empfehlungen zur infektiologischen Versorgung von Flüchtlingen im Kindes- und Jugendalter in Deutschland. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 163:1269–1286
Piel FB, Steinberg MH, Rees DC (2017) Sickle cell disease. N Engl J Med 377:305
Pohl C, Mack I, Schmitz T, Ritz N (2017) The spectrum of care for pediatric refugees and asylum seekers at a tertiary health care facility in Switzerland in 2015. Eur J Pediatr 176:1681–1687
Pottie K, Greenaway C, Feightner J, Welch V, Swinkels H, Rashid M, Narasiah L, Kirmayer LJ, Ueffing E, MacDonald NE, Hassan G, McNally M, Khan K, Buhrmann R, Dunn S, Dominic A, McCarthy AE, Gagnon AJ, Rousseau C, Tugwell P, coauthors of the Canadian Collaboration for Immigrant and Refugee Health (2011) Evidence-based clinical guidelines for immigrants and refugees. CMAJ 183:E824–E925
Pottie K, Mayhew AD, Morton RL, Greenaway C, Akl EA, Rahman P, Zenner D, Pareek M, Tugwell P, Welch V, Meerpohl J, Alonso-Coello P, Hui C, Biggs BA, Requena-Mendez A, Agbata E, Noori T, Schunemann HJ (2017) Prevention and assessment of infectious diseases among children and adult migrants arriving to the European Union/European economic association: a protocol for a suite of systematic reviews for public health and health systems. BMJ Open 7:e014608
Puthiyakunnon S, Boddu S, Li Y, Zhou X, Wang C, Li J, Chen X (2014) Strongyloidiasis--an insight into its global prevalence and management. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8:e3018
Ramirez D, Engel KG, Tang TS (2008) Language interpreter utilization in the emergency department setting: a clinical review. J Health Care Poor Underserved 19:352–362
Redditt VJ, Janakiram P, Graziano D, Rashid M (2015) Health status of newly arrived refugees in Toronto, Ont: part 1: infectious diseases. Can Fam Physician 61:e303–e309
Ritz N, Curtis N (2014) Novel concepts in the epidemiology, diagnosis and prevention of childhood tuberculosis. Swiss Med Wkly 144:w14000
Ritz N, Brinkmann F, Santiago Garcia B, Tebruegge M, Kampmann B, Paediatric Tuberculosis Network European Trials Group (2015) Tuberculosis in young refugees. Lancet 386:2475–2476
Rossi C, Shrier I, Marshall L, Cnossen S, Schwartzman K, Klein MB, Schwarzer G, Greenaway C (2012) Seroprevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus infection and prior immunity in immigrants and refugees: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 7:e44611
Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health (2017) Refugee and unaccompanied asylum seeking children and young people: paediatric health assessment. https://www.rcpch.ac.uk/resources/refugee-unaccompanied-asylum-seeking-children-young-people. Accessed 28 Jan 2019
Rungan S, Reeve AM, Reed PW, Voss L (2013) Health needs of refugee children younger than 5 years arriving in New Zealand. Pediatr Infect Dis J 32:e432–e436
Ryan ET (2018) Antiparasitic agents. In: S Long, C Prober, M Fischer (eds) Principles and practice of pediatric infectious diseases. Elsevier, pp 1567–1587.e1562
Sachdev H, Gera T, Nestel P (2005) Effect of iron supplementation on mental and motor development in children: systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Public Health Nutr 8:117–132
Salehi L, Lofters AK, Hoffmann SM, Polsky JY, Rouleau KD (2015) Health and growth status of immigrant and refugee children in Toronto, Ontario: a retrospective chart review. Paediatr Child Health 20:e38–e42
Sanati Pour M, Kumble S, Hanieh S, Biggs BA (2014) Prevalence of dyslipidaemia and micronutrient deficiencies among newly arrived Afghan refugees in rural Australia: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 14:896
Schwarzwald H (2005) Illnesses among recently immigrated children. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis 16:78–83
Serre Delcor N, Maruri BT, Arandes AS, Guiu IC, Essadik HO, Soley ME, Romero IM, Ascaso C (2016) Infectious diseases in Sub-Saharan immigrants to Spain. Am J Trop Med Hyg 94:750–756
Sokal E, Nannini P (2017) Hepatitis C virus in children: the global picture. Arch Dis Child 102:668–671
Stellinga-Boelen AA, Storm H, Wiegersma PA, Bijleveld CM, Verkade HJ (2007) Iron deficiency among children of asylum seekers in the Netherlands. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 45:591–595
Stevens GA, Finucane MM, De-Regil LM, Paciorek CJ, Flaxman SR, Branca F, Pena-Rosas JP, Bhutta ZA, Ezzati M, Nutrition Impact Model Study Group (2013) Global, regional, and national trends in haemoglobin concentration and prevalence of total and severe anaemia in children and pregnant and non-pregnant women for 1995-2011: a systematic analysis of population-representative data. Lancet Glob Health 1:e16–e25
Swanson SJ, Phares CR, Mamo B, Smith KE, Cetron MS, Stauffer WM (2012) Albendazole therapy and enteric parasites in United States-bound refugees. N Engl J Med 366:1498–1507
Tebruegge M, Ritz N, Curtis N, Shingadia D (2015) Diagnostic tests for childhood tuberculosis: past imperfect, present tense and future perfect? Pediatr Infect Dis J 34:1014–1019
The Royal Australasian College of Physicians (2016) refugee and asylum seeker health position statement. https://www.racp.edu.au/docs/defaultsource/default-document-library/refugee-and-asylum-seeker-health-position-statement.pdf. Accessed 28 Jan 2019
Theuring S, Friedrich-Janicke B, Portner K, Trebesch I, Durst A, Dieckmann S, Steiner F, Harms G, Mockenhaupt FP (2016) Screening for infectious diseases among unaccompanied minor refugees in Berlin, 2014-2015. Eur J Epidemiol 31:707–710
UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) (2016) Female genital mutilation/cutting: a global concern. https://data.unicef.org/resources/female-genitalmutilationcutting-global-concern/. Accessed 28 Jan 2019
UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) (2017) A child is a child: protecting children on the move from violence, abuse and exploitation. https://www.unicef.org/publications/files/UNICEF_A_child_is_a_child_May_2017_EN.pdf. Accessed 28 Jan 2019
UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) (2018) Latest statistics and graphics on refugee and migrant children. https://www.unicef.org/eca/emergencies/refugee-andmigrant-children-europe. Accessed 28 Jan 2019
United Nations (1989) Convention on the rights of the child. https://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/crc.aspx. Accessed 28 Jan 2019
United Nations high commissioner for refugees (UNHCR) (2017) Gobal report. https://www.unhcr.org/publications/fundraising/5b4c89bf17/unhcrglobal-report-2017.html. Accessed 28 Jan 2019
Usemann J, Ledergerber M, Fink G, Ritz N (2019) Cost-effectiveness of tuberculosis screening for migrant children in a low-incidence country. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 23:579–586
Van Baelen L, Ortensi L, Leye E (2016) Estimates of first-generation women and girls with female genital mutilation in the European Union, Norway and Switzerland. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care 21:474–482
van der Linde D, Konings EE, Slager MA, Witsenburg M, Helbing WA, Takkenberg JJ, Roos-Hesselink JW (2011) Birth prevalence of congenital heart disease worldwide: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 58:2241–2247
Vloeberghs E, van der Kwaak A, Knipscheer J, van den Muijsenbergh M (2012) Coping and chronic psychosocial consequences of female genital mutilation in the Netherlands. Ethn Health 17:677–695
von Both U, Alberer M (2016) Images in clinical medicine. Borrelia recurrentis infection. N Engl J Med 375:e5
Woods CR (2005) Syphilis in children: congenital and acquired. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis 16:245–257
World Health Organization (2012) Global incidence and prevalence of selected curable sexually transmitted infections—2008. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/75181. Accessed 28 Jan 2019
World Health Organization (2016a) World malaria report 2016. https://www.who.int/malaria/publications/world-malaria-report-2016/report/en/. Accessed 28 Jan 2019
World Health Organization (2016b) WHO guidelines on the management of health complications from female genital mutilation. https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/topics/fgm/management-health-complications-fgm/en/. Accessed 28 Jan 2019
World Health Organization (2017) Preventive chemotherapy to control soil-transmitted helminth infections in at-risk population groups. https://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/guidelines/deworming/en/. Accessed 28 Jan 2019
Yun K, Hebrank K, Graber LK, Sullivan MC, Chen I, Gupta J (2012) High prevalence of chronic non-communicable conditions among adult refugees: implications for practice and policy. J Community Health 37:1110–1118
Yun K, Matheson J, Payton C, Scott KC, Stone BL, Song L, Stauffer WM, Urban K, Young J, Mamo B (2016) Health profiles of newly arrived refugee children in the United States, 2006-2012. Am J Public Health 106:128–135
Zammarchi L, Casadei G, Strohmeyer M, Bartalesi F, Liendo C, Matteelli A, Bonati M, Gotuzzo E, Bartoloni A, COHEMI Project Study Group (2015) A scoping review of cost-effectiveness of screening and treatment for latent tubercolosis infection in migrants from high-incidence countries. BMC Health Serv Res 15:412
Acknowledgements
The author would like to thank Ayesha Kadir and Anders Hjern for helpful comments on the manuscript. We would like to thank René-Marie Meignan for designing the icons.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
LS, CW, SdT and NR conceived the manuscript. LS, CW and NR performed the acquisition. LS And NR
wrote the first draft of the manuscript. TS, UvB and JB critically and substantially revised the draft of the manuscript. All authors approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Ethical approval
This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.
Additional information
Communicated by Peter de Winter
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic supplementary material
ESM 1
(DOCX 18 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Schrier, L., Wyder, C., del Torso, S. et al. Medical care for migrant children in Europe: a practical recommendation for first and follow-up appointments. Eur J Pediatr 178, 1449–1467 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-019-03405-9
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-019-03405-9