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Relationship between symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and family functioning: a community-based study

European Journal of Pediatrics volume 171, pages 271–280 (2012)Cite this article

Abstract

This study examined the relationship between family functioning and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in an Australian community-based sample. Children were screened for ADHD in their second year of formal schooling. Two hundred and two (202) primary caregivers completed validated measures of family quality of life (QoL), parent mental health, parenting styles and parental relationship quality. Compared with controls, parents of children screening positive for ADHD reported poorer family QoL in the domains of emotional impact (mean difference [MD] −20.1; 95% CI −38.2 to −1.9, p = 0.03) and impact on family activities (MD −17.2; 95% CI −27.9 to −6.5, p = 0.002), less parental warmth (MD −3.4; 95% CI −6.0 to −0.9, p = 0.01) and higher parental depression (MD 6.8; 95% CI 1.8 to 11.7, p = 0.009) and anxiety (MD 6.2; 95% CI 1.7 to 10.6, p = 0.008) after adjusting for socio-demographic characteristics and child conduct symptoms. Parents of children screening positive for ADHD reported higher stress (MD 4.5; 95% CI 1.2 to 7.1, p = 0.007) and more inconsistent (MD 3.0; 95% CI 1.2 to 4.8, p = 0.002) and hostile (MD = 2.2; 95% CI 1.0 to 3.4, p = 0.001) parenting after adjusting for socio-demographic factors only. No difference in parental relationship quality and parental inductive reasoning was identified. Conclusion: These findings suggest a strong association between poor family functioning and ADHD symptoms and carry implications for comprehensive ADHD management and the importance of seeing the child within the family context.

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Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest, nor a financial relationship, with the organisation that sponsored the research.

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Affiliations

  1. Department of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia

    Alexandra Cussen

  2. Centre for Community Child Health, Royal Children’s Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia

    Alexandra Cussen, Emma Sciberras & Daryl Efron

  3. Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia

    Emma Sciberras & Daryl Efron

  4. Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia

    Daryl Efron

  5. PenCLAHRC, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK

    Obioha C. Ukoumunne

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  1. Alexandra Cussen
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  2. Emma Sciberras
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  3. Obioha C. Ukoumunne
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  4. Daryl Efron
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Correspondence to Emma Sciberras.

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Cussen, A., Sciberras, E., Ukoumunne, O.C. et al. Relationship between symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and family functioning: a community-based study. Eur J Pediatr 171, 271–280 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-011-1524-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-011-1524-4

Keywords

  • Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
  • Family functioning
  • Parenting
  • Quality of life
  • Parent mental health