Abstract
Sleep problems are very prevalent during infancy. The most common problems are those related to night wakings and sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). Most common night waking problems do not have identified physiologic etiology. Their causes appear to be behavioral or developmental by nature, and they usually respond well to behavioral interventions. SDB may result from a variety of anatomic and neurologic factors and is associated with a variety of medical and developmental disorders. Because of the high prevalence of sleep problems during infancy, their persistence, their potential adverse developmental effects, and the positive treatment outcomes, pediatricians should serve as the primary address for screening and referral to proper assessment and treatment.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- SDB:
-
Sleep-disordered breathing
- PSG:
-
Polysomnography
- GER:
-
Gastroesophageal reflux
- OSA:
-
Obstructive sleep apnea
References
Adair R, Bauchner H, Philipp B et al (1991) Night waking during infancy: role of parental presence at bedtime. Pediatrics 87:500–504
American Academy of Sleep Medicine (2005) International classification of sleep disorders: diagnostic and coding manual, 2nd edn. American Academy of Sleep Medicine, Westchester, IL
Armstrong KL, Quinn RA, Dadds MR (1994) The sleep patterns of normal children. Med J Aust 161:202–206
Chamlin SL, Mattson CL, Frieden IJ et al (2005) The price of pruritus: sleep disturbance and cosleeping in atopic dermatitis. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 159:745–750
Dauvilliers Y, Stal V, Abril B et al (2007) Chiari malformation and sleep related breathing disorders. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 78:1344–1348
Durand VM, Mindell JA (1999) Behavioral intervention for childhood sleep terrors. Behav Ther 30:705–715
Gozal D (2008) Obstructive sleep apnea in children: implications for the developing central nervous system. Semin Pediatr Neurol 15:100–106
Greenfeld M, Tauman R, DeRowe A, Sivan Y (2003) Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome due to adenotonsillar hypertrophy in infants. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 67:1055–1060
Greenfeld M, Tauman R, Sivan Y (2004) The yield of esophageal pH monitoring during polysomnography in infants with sleep-disordered breathing. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 43:653–658
Hoeve LJ, Pijpers M, Joosten KF (2003) OSAS in craniofacial syndromes: an unsolved problem. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 67(Suppl 1):S111–S113
Kahn A, Groswasser J, Franco P et al (2000) Breathing during sleep in infancy. In: Loughlin GM, Carrol JL, Marcus CL (eds) Sleep and breathing in children: a developmental approach. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 402–422
Kirjavainen J, Kirjavainen T, Huhtala V et al (2001) Infants with colic have a normal sleep structure at 2 and 7 months of age. J Pediatr 138:218–223
Kirjavainen J, Lehtonen L, Kirjavainen T, Kero P (2004) Sleep of excessively crying infants: a 24-hour ambulatory sleep polygraphy study. Pediatrics 114:592–600
Kuhn BR, Weidinger D (2000) Interventions for infant and toddler sleep disturbance: a review. Child Fam Behav Ther 22:33–50
Lehtonen L, Korhonen T, Korvenranta H (1994) Temperament and sleeping patterns in colicky infants during the first year of life. J Dev Behav Pediatr 15:416–420
Macknin ML, Piedmonte M, Jacobs J, Skibinski C (2000) Symptoms associated with infant teething: a prospective study. Pediatrics 105:747–752
MacLean JE, Fitzsimons D, Hayward P et al (2008) The identification of children with cleft palate and sleep disordered breathing using a referral system. Pediatr Pulmonol 43:245–250
Mandell DL, Yellon RF, Bradley JP et al (2004) Mandibular distraction for micrognathia and severe upper airway obstruction. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 130:344–348
Martin J, Hiscock H, Hardy P et al (2007) Adverse associations of infant and child sleep problems and parent health: an Australian population study. Pediatrics 119:947–955
Mindell JA, Kuhn B, Lewin DS et al (2006) Behavioral treatment of bedtime problems and night wakings in infants and young children—an American academy of sleep medicine review. Sleep 29:1263–1276
Mindell JA, Telofski LS, Wiegand B, Kurtz ES (2009) A nightly bedtime routine: impact on sleep in young children and maternal mood. Sleep (in press)
Montgomery-Downs HE, Gozal D (2006) Snore-associated sleep fragmentation in infancy: mental development effects and contribution of secondhand cigarette smoke exposure. Pediatrics 117:E496–E502
Nguyen BH, Perusse D, Paquet J et al (2008) Sleep terrors in children: a prospective study of twins. Pediatrics 122:e1164–e1167
Owens JA (2009) Pharmacotherapy of pediatric insomnia. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 48:99–107
Owens JA, Babcock D, Blumer J et al (2005) The use of pharmacotherapy in the treatment of pediatric insomnia in primary care: rational approaches. A consensus meeting summary. J Clin Sleep Med 1:49–59
Palmstierna P, Sepa A, Ludvigsson J (2008) Parent perceptions of child sleep: a study of 10, 000 Swedish children. Acta Paediatr 97:1631–1639
Pelayo R, Dubik M (2008) Pediatric sleep pharmacology. Semin Pediatr Neurol 15:79–90
Sadeh A (2004) A brief screening questionnaire for infant sleep problems: validation and findings for an Internet sample. Pediatrics 113:E570–E577
Sadeh A (2005) Cognitive-behavioral treatment for childhood sleep disorders. Clin Psychol Rev 25:612–628
Sadeh A, Dark I, Vohr BR (1996) Newborns’ sleep-wake patterns: the role of maternal, delivery and infant factors. Early Hum Dev 44:113–126
Sadeh A, Flint-Ofir E, Tirosh T, Tikotzky L (2007) Infant sleep and parental sleep-related cognitions. J Fam Psychol 21:74–87
Sadeh A, Mindell JA, Luedtke K, Wiegand B (2009) Sleep and sleep ecology in the first 3 years: a web-based study. J Sleep Res 18:60–73
Sisk EA, Heatley DG, Borowski BJ et al (1999) Obstructive sleep apnea in children with achondroplasia: surgical and anesthetic considerations. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 120:248–254
Tasker RC, Dundas I, Laverty A et al (1998) Distinct patterns of respiratory difficulty in young children with achondroplasia: a clinical, sleep, and lung function study. Arch Dis Child 79:99–108
Wake M, Hesketh K, Lucas J (2000) Teething and tooth eruption in infants: a cohort study. Pediatrics 106:1374–1379
Waters KA, Forbes P, Morielli A et al (1998) Sleep-disordered breathing in children with myelomeningocele. J Pediatr 132:672–681
Weissbluth M, Davis AT, Poncher J (1984) Night waking in 4- to 8-month-old infants. J Pediatr 104:477–480
Conflict of interest
The authors have no financial conflict of interest to report.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sadeh, A., Sivan, Y. Clinical practice. Eur J Pediatr 168, 1159–1164 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-009-0982-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-009-0982-4