Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Pre-Brodmann pioneers of cortical cytoarchitectonics I: Theodor Meynert, Vladimir Betz and William Bevan-Lewis

  • Review
  • Published:
Brain Structure and Function Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study and the sequel paper revisit landmark discoveries that paved the way to the definition of the renowned Brodmann areas in the human cerebral cortex, in an attempt to rectify certain undeserved historical neglects. A ‘first period of discoveries,’ from 1867 to 1882, is represented by the work of neuropsychiatrists Theodor Meynert (1833–1892) in Vienna, Vladimir Betz (1834–1894) in Kiev and William Bevan-Lewis (1847–1929) in Wakefield. Their classical findings are placed in a modern perspective.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Arndt R (1867–1869) Studien über die Architektonik der Grosshirnrinde des Menschen. Arch Mikrosk Anat 3:441–476

    Google Scholar 

  • Arndt R (1872) Zur Histologie des Gehirns. Arch Psychiatr Nervenkrankh 3:467–482

    Google Scholar 

  • Baillarger JGF (1840) Recherches sur la structure de la couche corticale des circonvolutions du cerveau. Mém Acad R Méd 8:149–183

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartels A, Zeki S (2005) The chronoarchitecture of the cerebral cortex. Phil Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 360:733–750. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2005.1627

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berlin R (1858) Beiträge zur Strukturlehre der Grosshirnwindungen. A. E Junge, Erlangen

    Google Scholar 

  • Betz W (1873a) Die Untersuchungsmethode des Centralnerven-Systems des Menschen. Arch Mikrosk Anat 9:101–117. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02956159

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Betz W (1873b) Methods of investigating the central nervous system in man (Memoirs). Q J Microsc Sci 13:343-350

    Google Scholar 

  • Betz W (1874) Anatomischer Nachweis zweier Gehirncentra. Cbl Med Wiss 12(578–580):595–599

    Google Scholar 

  • Betz W (1875) Distinction of two nerve-centres in the brain (Quarterly chronicles, Histology). Quart J Microsc Sci 15:190–192

    Google Scholar 

  • Betz W (1881a) Über die feinere Structur der Gehirnrinde des Menschen. Cbl Med Wiss 19:193-195

    Google Scholar 

  • Betz W (1881b) Quelques mots sur la structure de l’écorce cérébrale. Rev Anthropol 2ème Sér (Paris) 4:426-438

    Google Scholar 

  • Bevan-Lewis W (1878) On the comparative structure of the cortex cerebri. Brain 1:79–96. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/1.1.79

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bevan-Lewis W (1879) On the comparative structure of the cortex cerebri. Proc R Soc Lond 29:234–237. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1879.0044

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bevan-Lewis W (1880) Researches on the comparative structure of the cortex cerebri. Phil Trans R Soc Lond 171:35–64. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstl.1880.0003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bevan-Lewis W (1882a) On the comparative structure of the brain in rodents. Phil Trans R Soc Lond 173:699–746. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstl.1882.0015

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bevan-Lewis W (1882b) On the comparative structure of the brain in rodents. Proc R Soc Lond 33:15–21. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1881.0066

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bevan-Lewis W (1882c) The human brain, histological and coarse methods of research: a manual for students and asylum medical officers. J. and A Churchill, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Bevan-Lewis W (1890) A text-book of mental diseases: with special reference to the pathological aspects of insanity. P. Blakiston Son and Company, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  • Bevan-Lewis W (1899) A text-book of mental diseases: with special reference to the pathological aspects of insanity, 2nd edn. Charles Griffin and Company, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Bevan-Lewis W, Clarke H (1878) The cortical lamination of the motor area of the brain. Proc R Soc Lond 27:38–49. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1878.0010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bolton JS (1929) William Bevan-Lewis, MSc Leeds, MRCS, LSA, late director of the West Riding Hospital. Wakefield. Lancet 214(5540):954–955. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(00)57373-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bolton JS (1930) William Bevan-Lewis, M.Sc., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. J Ment Sci 76:383–388. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.76.314.383

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brodmann K (1903) Beiträge zur histologischen Lokalisation der Grosshirnrinde. I. Mitteilung. Die Regio Rolandica. J Psychol Neurol (Leipz) 2:79–107

    Google Scholar 

  • Brodmann K (1909) Vergleichende Lokalisationslehre der Grosshirnrinde in ihren Prinzipien dargestellt auf Grund des Zellenbaues. Johann Ambrosius Barth, Leipzig

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell AW (1905) Histological studies on the localisation of cerebral function. At the University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Cantero JL, Zaborszky L, Atienza M (2017) Volume loss of the nucleus basalis of Meynert is associated with atrophy of innervated regions in mild cognitive impairment. Cereb Cortex 27:3881–3889. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhw195

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke E, O’Malley CD (1996) The human brain and spinal cord: a historical study illustrated by writings from antiquity to the twentieth century, 2nd edn. Norman Publishing, San Francisco

    Google Scholar 

  • Crichton-Browne J (1929) William Bevan-Lewis, MSc, MRCS, late professor of mental diseases and examiner in the University of Leeds. Br Med J 2(3591):833–834. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.2.3591.833-a

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DeFelipe J, Jones EG (1988) Cajal on the cerebral cortex: an annotated translation of the complete writings. Oxford University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • von Economo C (1931) Encephalitis lethargica: its sequelae and treatment (transl. by K. O. Newman). Oxford University Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • von Economo C (2009) Cellular structure of the human cerebral cortex (transl. and edited by L. C. Triarhou). Karger, Basel

  • von Economo C, Koskinas GN (1925) Die Cytoarchitektonik der Hirnrinde des erwachsenen Menschen. Julius Springer, Wien

    Google Scholar 

  • von Economo C, Koskinas GN (2008) Atlas of cytoarchitectonics of the adult human cerebral cortex (transl. and edited by L. C. Triarhou). Karger, Basel

  • Eling P, Finger S, Whitaker H (2017) On the origins of organology: Franz Joseph Gall and a girl named Bianchi. Cortex 86:123–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2016.11.010

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elston GN, Garey LJ (2013) The cytoarchitectonic map of Korbinian Brodmann: arealisation and circuit specialisation. In: Geyer S, Turner R (eds) Microstructural parcellation of the human cerebral cortex. Springer, Berlin, pp 3–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37824-9_1

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrier D (1873) Experimental researches in cerebral physiology and pathology. West Riding Lun Asylum Med Rep 3:30–96

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferrier D (1874) The localisation of function in the brain. Proc R Soc Lond 22:229–232. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1873.0032

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrier D (1876) The functions of the brain. Smith Elder and Company, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Finn MA (2012) The West Riding Lunatic Asylum and the making of the modern brain sciences in the nineteenth century. Dissertation, University of Leeds. https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/3412. Accessed 31 July 2019

  • Freud S (1983) Contribution à la conception des aphasies: une étude critique [1891] (traduit par C. van Reeth). Presses Universitaires de France, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  • Fritsch G, Hitzig E (1870) Über die elektrische Erregbarkeit des Grosshirns. Arch Anat Physiol Wiss Med (Leipz) 37:300–332

    Google Scholar 

  • Fritsch G, Hitzig E (1960) On the electrical excitability of the cerebrum (transl. by G. von Bonin). In: von Bonin G (ed) Some papers on the cerebral cortex. Charles C Thomas, Springfield, pp 73–96

    Google Scholar 

  • Fritsch G, Hitzig E (2009) Electric excitability of the cerebrum (transl. by T. Crump and S. Lama). Epilepsy Behav 15:123–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2009.03.001

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fulton JF (1937) A note on Francesco Gennari and the early history of cytoarchitectural studies of the cerebral cortex. Bull Inst Hist Med 5:895–913

    Google Scholar 

  • Garey LJ (2006) Brodmann’s localisation in the cerebral cortex. Springer Science, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Geddes J (2001) From treponemes to prions: the emergence of British neuropathology. In: Rose FC (ed) Twentieth century neurology: the British contribution. Imperial College Press, London, pp 227–254

    Google Scholar 

  • Gennari F (1782) De peculiari structura cerebri nonnullisque ejus morbis. Regio Typographeo, Parma

  • Glickstein M (2014) Neuroscience: a historical introduction. The MIT Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Golgi C (1873) Sulla struttura della sostanza grigia del cervello. Gazz Med Ital Lomb 33:244–246

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenblatt SH (1995) Phrenology in the science and culture of the 19th century. Neurosurgery 37:790–804. https://doi.org/10.1227/00006123-199510000-00025

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hakosalo H (2006) The brain under the knife: serial sectioning and the development of late nineteenth-century neuroanatomy. Stud Hist Philos Biol Biomed Sci 37:172–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsc.2006.03.010

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hammarberg C (1893) Studier öfver idiotiens klinik och patologi jämte undersökningar af hjärnbarkens normala anatomi, med 7 planscher. Almqvist och Wiksells, Uppsala

  • Haymaker W, Baer KA (1953) The founders of neurology. Charles C Thomas, Springfield

    Google Scholar 

  • Haymaker W, Schiller F (1970) The founders of neurology, 2nd edn. Charles C Thomas, Springfield

    Google Scholar 

  • Heimer L, Van Hoesen GW (2006) The limbic lobe and its output channels: implications for emotional functions and adaptive behavior. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 30:126–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.06.006

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoole DDJ (2013) William Bevan-Lewis and the scientific asylum. Newslett R Coll Psychiatr 10:1–2

    Google Scholar 

  • Isler H (2010) Neurology and the neurological sciences in the German-speaking countries. Handb Clin Neurol 95:667–689. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0072-9752(08)02142-8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson M (1991) Developmental neurobiology, 3rd edn. Plenum Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins RT (1959) William Bevan-Lewis (1847–1929), alienist. In: Jones ED, Roberts BF (eds) The dictionary of Welsh biography. Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones EG (2008) Cortical maps and modern phrenology. Brain 131:2227–2233. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awn158

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koehler PJ, Bruyn GW, Pearce JMS (2000) Neurological eponyms. Oxford University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Kölliker A (1854) Mikroskopische Anatomie oder Gewebelehre des Menschen. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig

    Google Scholar 

  • Koskinas GN (2009) An outline of cytoarchitectonics of the adult human cerebral cortex. In: Triarhou LC (ed) Constantin von Economo’s Cellular structure of the human cerebral cortex. Karger, Basel, pp 194–226. https://doi.org/10.1159/000226269

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kovalchuk AV, Cherkasova LA, Yanchyshyn AJ (2015) Prominent Ukrainian scientist Volodymyr Betz and his contribution to the development of neuroanatomy. Ukr Sci Med Youth J 2:118–121

    Google Scholar 

  • Kukuev LA (1985a) Vladimir Alekseevich Bets and the significance of his works in neurology and neuromorphology [in Russian]. Zh Nevropatol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 85:267-268

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kukuev LA (1985b) Vladimir Alekseevich Bets (1834–1894), on the 150th anniversary of his birth and 90th anniversary of his death [in Russian]. Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova 35:186–188

    Google Scholar 

  • Kushchayev SV, Moskalenko VF, Wiener PC, Tsymbaliuk VI, Cherkasov VG, Dzyavulska IV, Kovalchuk OI, Sonntag VKH, Spetzler RF, Preul MC (2012) The discovery of the pyramidal neurons: Vladimir Betz and a new era of neuroscience. Brain 135:285–300. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awr276

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li CS, Ide JS, Zhang S, Hu S, Chao HH, Zaborszky L (2014) Resting state functional connectivity of the basal nucleus of Meynert in humans: in comparison to the ventral striatum and the effects of age. NeuroImage 97:321–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.04.019

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall LH, Magoun HW (1998) Discoveries in the human brain: neuroscience prehistory, brain structure, and function. Humana Press, Totowa

    Google Scholar 

  • Mazziotta JC, Toga AW, Evans AC, Fox PT, Lancaster JL (1995) Digital brain atlases. Trends Neurosci 18:210–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-2236(95)93904-c

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McColgan P, Joubert J, Tabrizi SJ, Rees G (2020) The human motor cortex microcircuit: insights for neurodegenerative disease. Nat Rev Neurosci. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41583-020-0315-1

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mesulam MM, Mufson EJ, Levey AI, Wainer BH (1983) Cholinergic innervation of cortex by the basal forebrain: cytochemistry and cortical connections of the septal area, diagonal band nuclei, nucleus basalis (substantia innominata), and hypothalamus in the rhesus monkey. J Comp Neurol 214:170–197. https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902140206

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Metherate R, Cox CL, Ashe JH (1992) Cellular bases of neocortical activation: modulation of neural oscillations by the nucleus basalis and endogenous acetylcholine. J Neurosci 12:4701–4711. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.12-12-04701.1992

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Meynert T (1866) Ein Fall von Sprachstörung, anatomisch begründet. Med Jahrb 22:152–189

    Google Scholar 

  • Meynert T (1867) Der Bau der Gross-Hirnrinde und seine örtlichen Verschiedenheiten, nebst einem pathologisch-anatomischen Corollarium. Vierteljahresschr Psychiatr 1:77–93

    Google Scholar 

  • Meynert T (1868) Neue Untersuchungen über den Bau der Grosshirnrinde und ihre örtlichen Verschiedenheiten. Allg Wien Med Ztg 13:419–428

    Google Scholar 

  • Meynert T (1872a) Der Bau der Gross-Hirnrinde und seine örtlichen Verschiedenheiten, nebst einem pathologisch-anatomischen Corollarium. J. H. Heuser, Neuwied-Leipzig

    Google Scholar 

  • Meynert T (1872b) The brain of mammals (transl by J. J. Putnam). In: Stricker S (ed) A manual of histology (American translation edited by A. H. Buck). William Wood and Company, New York, pp 650-766

    Google Scholar 

  • Meynert T (1877) Die Windungen der convexen Oberfläche des Vorder-Hirnes bei Menschen, Affen und Raubthieren. Arch Psychiatr (Berl) 7:257–286

    Google Scholar 

  • Meynert T (1878) Die Nervenzelle ist das functionelle Centrum in der Grosshirnrinde. Psychiatr Cbl (Wien) 8(6):129–137

    Google Scholar 

  • Meynert T (1884) Psychiatrie: Klinik der Erkrankungen des Vorderhirns begründet auf dessen Bau Leistungen und Ernährung. Wilhelm Braumüller, Wien

    Google Scholar 

  • Meynert T (1885) Psychiatry: a clinical treatise on diseases of the fore-brain, part I: the anatomy, physiology and chemistry of the brain (transl. by B. Sachs). G.P Putnam’s Sons, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Meynert T (1888) Psychiatrie: Clinique des maladies du cerveau antérieur basée sur sa structure, ses fonctions et sa nutrition (transl. by G. Cousot). A. Manceaux, Bruxelles.

  • Meynert T (1890) Klinische Vorlesungen über Psychiatrie auf wissenschaftlicher Grundlage für Studierende und Ärzte Juristen und Psychologen. Wilhelm Braumüller, Wien

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore RJ, Ter Haar MB (1978) Architectonics of the motor cortex. Trends Neurosci. https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-2236(78)90133-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morrison JTJ (1889) On the localisation of intracranial lesions. Birm Med Rev 25:193–217

    Google Scholar 

  • Obersteiner H (1890) The anatomy of the central nervous organs in health and in disease (transl. by A. Hill). Charles Griffin and Company, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Ochs S (1965) Elements of neurophysiology. John Wiley and Sons, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Papez JW (1970) Theodor Meynert (1833–1892). In: Haymaker W, Schiller F (eds) The founders of neurology, 2nd edn. Charles C Thomas, Springfield, pp 57–62

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearson RCA, Gatter KC, Brodal P, Powell TPS (1983) The projection of the basal nucleus of Meynert upon the neocortex in the monkey. Brain Res 259:132–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(83)91075-2

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peile J (1913) Biographical register of Christ’s College 1505–1905 and of the earlier foundation, God’s House 1448–1505, volume II. At the University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramón y Cajal S (1899a) Estudios sobre la corteza cerebral humana. I Corteza visual Rev Trim Microgr (Madr) 4:1-63

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramón y Cajal S (1899b) Estudios sobre la corteza cerebral humana. II. Estructura de la corteza motriz del hombre y mamíferos superiores. Rev Trim Microgr (Madr) 4:117-200

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramón y Cajal S (1900) Estudios sobre la corteza cerebral humana. II. Corteza motriz (conclusión). Rev Trim Microgr (Madr) 5:1–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramón y Cajal S (1900–1906) Studien über die Hirnrinde des Menschen, vols. I–V (transl. by J. Bressler). Johann Ambrosius Barth, Leipzig

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramon y Cajal S (1972) Histologie du système nerveux de l’homme et des vertébrés, tome II (transl by L Azoulay). Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarkisov SA (1966) The structure and function of the brain (transl. by N. Raskin). Indiana University Press, Bloomington

    Google Scholar 

  • Schleicher A, Palomero-Gallagher N, Morosan P, Eickhoff SB, Kowalski T, de Vos K, Amunts K, Zilles K (2005) Quantitative architectural analysis: a new approach to cortical mapping. Anat Embryol (Berl) 210:373–386. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-005-0028-2

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seitelberger F (1997) Theodor Meynert (1833–1892), pioneer and visionary of brain research (transl. by H. Urich). J Hist Neurosci 6:264–274

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seitelberger F (2000) Meynert’s basal nucleus. In: Koehler PJ, Bruyn GW, Pearce JMS (eds) Neurological eponyms. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 29–36

    Google Scholar 

  • Soemmerring ST (1788) Vom Hirn-und Rückenmark. P. A. Winkopp, Mainz.

  • Soury J (1899) Le système nerveux central: structure et fonctions; histoire critique des théories et des doctrines. G. Carré et Naud, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  • Spirov MS (1962) On the details of structure of the cerebral cortex of man [in Russian]. Arkh Anat Gistol Embriol 17:106–111

    Google Scholar 

  • Spirov MS (1969) Vladimir Alekseevich Bets (1834–1894), on the 75th anniversary of his death [in Russian]. Arkh Anat Gistol Embriol 57:81–83

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Triarhou LC (2007) The Economo-Koskinas atlas revisited: cytoarchitectonics and functional context. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 85:195–203. https://doi.org/10.1159/000103258

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Triarhou LC (2013) The cytoarchitectonic map of Constantin von Economo and Georg N. Koskinas. In: Geyer S, Turner R (eds) Microstructural parcellation of the human cerebral cortex. Springer, Berlin, pp 33–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37824-9_2

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Triarhou LC (2020) Pre-Brodmann pioneers of cortical cytoarchitectonics II: Carl Hammarberg, Alfred Walter Campbell, and Grafton Elliot Smith. Brain Struct Funct 000:000–000. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-020-00000-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tsapkini K, Vivas AB, Triarhou LC (2008) ‘Does Broca’s area exist?’ Christofredo Jakob’s 1906 response to Pierre Marie’s holistic stance. Brain Lang 105:211–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2007.07.124

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Turchi J, Chang C, Ye FQ, Russ BE, Yu DK, Cortes CR, Monosov IE, Duyn JH, Leopold DA (2018) The basal forebrain regulates global resting-state fMRI fluctuations. Neuron 97:940-952.e4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2018.01.032

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Vicq d’Azyr F (1786) Traité d’anatomie et de physiologie, avec des planches coloriées représentant au naturel les divers organes de l’homme et des animaux. F. A. Didot, Paris.

  • Vogt C, Vogt O (1902) Zur Erforschung der Hirnfaserung, mit Atlas. Neuro-Biologische Arbeiten, erste Serie. Gustav Fischer, Jena.

  • Vogt C, Vogt O (1919) Allgemeinere Ergebnisse unserer Hirnforschung. J Psychol Neurol (Leipz) 25:279–461

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitaker HA, Etlinger SC (1993) Theodor Meynert’s contribution to classical 19th century aphasia studies. Brain Lang 45:560–571

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Whitehouse PJ (1985) Theodor Meynert: foreshadowing modern concepts of neuropsychiatric pathophysiology. Neurology 35:389–391

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zaborszky L, Csordas A, Mosca K, Kim J, Gielow MR, Vadasz C, Nadasdy Z (2015) Neurons in the basal forebrain project to the cortex in a complex topographic organization that reflects corticocortical connectivity patterns: an experimental study based on retrograde tracing and 3D reconstruction. Cereb Cortex 25:118–137. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bht210

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zilles K (2018) Brodmann: a pioneer of human brain mapping—his impact on concepts of cortical organization. Brain 141:3262–3278. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awy273

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The author wishes to thank the anonymous reviewers for their critical suggestions that led to an improved manuscript.

Funding

No funding was received towards this work.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Theoretical and Applied Neuroscience, School of Social Sciences, Humanities and Arts, University of Macedonia, Egnatia 156, Bldg. Z-312, 54636, Thessalonica, Greece

    Lazaros C. Triarhou

Authors
  1. Lazaros C. Triarhou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Lazaros C. Triarhou.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The author reports no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Triarhou, L.C. Pre-Brodmann pioneers of cortical cytoarchitectonics I: Theodor Meynert, Vladimir Betz and William Bevan-Lewis. Brain Struct Funct 226, 49–67 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-020-02168-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-020-02168-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation