Abstract
The parasubthalamic nucleus (PSTN) and the ventrally adjacent calbindin nucleus (CbN) form a nuclear complex in the posterior lateral hypothalamic area (LHA), recently characterized as connected with the central nucleus of the amygdala (CEA). The aim of the present work is to analyze in detail the projections from the amygdala into the PSTN/CbN, also focusing on pathways into the LHA. After fluorogold injections into the PSTN/CbN, the medial part of the CEA (CEAm) appears to be the main supplier of projections from the CEA. Other amygdalar nuclei contribute to the innervation of the PSTN/CbN complex, including the anterior part of the basomedial nucleus (BMAa). Injections of the anterograde tracer, Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHAL), into the CEAm and BMAa revealed that projections from the CEAm follow two pathways into the LHA: a dorsal pathway formed by axons that also innervate the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, the anterior perifornical LHA and the PSTN, and a ventral pathway that runs laterally adjacent to the ventrolateral hypothalamic tract (vlt) and ends in the CbN. By contrast, the BMAa and other telencephalic structures, such as the fundus striatum project to the CbN via the ventral pathway. Confirming the microscopic observation, a semi-quantitative analysis of the density of these projections showed that the PSTN and the CbN are the major hypothalamic targets for the projections from the CEAm and the BMAa, respectively. PSTN and CbN receive these projections through distinct dorsal and ventral routes in the LHA. The ventral pathway forms a differentiated tract, named here the ventrolateral amygdalo-hypothalamic tract (vlah), that is distinct from, but runs adjacent to, the vlt. Both the vlt and the vlah had been previously described as forming an olfactory path into the LHA. These results help to better characterize the CbN within the PSTN/CbN complex and are discussed in terms of the functional organization of the network involving the PSTN and the CbN as well as the CEA and the BMAa.
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Abbreviations
- AAA:
-
Anterior amygdalar area
- Act:
-
Anterior commissure, temporal limb
- AHN:
-
Anterior hypothalamic nucleus
- AMB:
-
Nucleus ambiguus
- ARH:
-
Arcuate hypothalamic nucleus
- B:
-
Barrington’s nucleus
- BA:
-
Bed nucleus accessory olfactory tract
- BLA:
-
Basolateral amygdalar nucleus
- BLAa:
-
Basolateral amygdalar nucleus, anterior part
- BLAp:
-
Basolateral amygdalar nucleus, posterior part
- BMAa:
-
Basomedial amygdalar nucleus, anterior part
- BMAp:
-
Basomedial amygdalar nucleus, posterior part
- BST:
-
Bed nuclei stria terminalis
- BSTad:
-
Bed nuclei stria terminalis, anterior division, anterodorsal area
- CA:
-
Ammon’s horn
- Cb:
-
Calbindin
- CbN:
-
Calbindin nucleus
- CEA:
-
Central amygdalar nucleus
- CEAc:
-
Central amygdalar nucleus, capsular part
- CEAl:
-
Central amygdalar nucleus, lateral part
- CEAm:
-
Central amygdalar nucleus, medial part
- CGRP:
-
Calcitonin gene-related peptide
- CM:
-
Central medial thalamic nucleus
- COAa:
-
Cortical amygdalar nucleus, anterior part
- COApl:
-
Cortical amygdalar nucleus, posterior part, lateral zone
- COApm:
-
Cortical amygdalar nucleus, posterior part, medial zone
- CP:
-
Caudoputamen
- cpd:
-
Cerebral peduncle
- ddp:
-
Dorsal descending pathway
- DMH:
-
Dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus
- ENTl:
-
Entorhinal area, lateral part
- ENTm:
-
Entorhinal area, medial part, dorsal zone
- EPd:
-
Endopiriform nucleus, dorsal part
- EPv:
-
Endopiriform nucleus, ventral part
- FG:
-
Fluorogold
- FS:
-
Fundus striatum
- fx:
-
Columns of the fornix
- GABA:
-
Gamma-aminobutyric acid
- GAD:
-
Glutamic acid decarboxylase
- GP:
-
Globus pallidus
- GRN:
-
Gigantocellular reticular nucleus
- IA:
-
Intercaleted amygdalar nuclei
- ic:
-
Internal capsule
- IC:
-
Insular cortex
- LA:
-
Lateral amygdalar nucleus
- LDT:
-
Laterodorsal tegmental nucleus
- LHA:
-
Lateral hypothalamic area
- LHApfx:
-
Lateral hypothalamic area, perifonical region
- LHAvl:
-
Lateral hypothalamic area, ventral region, lateral zone
- LRN:
-
Lateral reticular nucleus
- LS:
-
Lateral septal nucleus
- MA:
-
Magnocellular preoptic nucleus
- MCH:
-
Melanin-concentrating hormone
- MD:
-
Mediodorsal thalamic nucleus
- MDRN:
-
Medullary reticular nucleus
- MEA:
-
Medial amygdalar nucleus
- MEApv:
-
Medial amygdalar nucleus, posteroventral part
- mfb:
-
Medial forebrain bundle
- MG:
-
Medial geniculate complex
- MRN:
-
Mesencephalic reticular nucleus
- MS:
-
Medial septal nucleus
- mtt:
-
Mammillothalamic tract
- NDB:
-
Diagonal band nucleus
- NG:
-
Nucleus gemini
- NLOT:
-
Nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract
- NTS:
-
Nucleus of the solitary tract
- opt:
-
Optic tract
- OT:
-
Olfactory tubercle
- PA:
-
Posterior amygdalar nucleus
- PAG:
-
Periaqueductal gray
- PARN:
-
Parvicellular reticular nucleus
- PB:
-
Parabrachial nucleus
- PH:
-
Posterior hypothalamic nucleus
- PHAL:
-
Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin
- PIR:
-
Piriform area
- PMv:
-
Ventral premammillary nucleus
- POR:
-
Periolivary region
- PRN:
-
Pontine reticular nucleus
- PV:
-
Parvalbumin
- PV1/parvafox:
-
Parvalbumin-positive (PV1) nucleus/parvafox nucleus
- PVH:
-
Paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus
- PVHlp-f:
-
Paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, lateral parvicellular part–forniceal part
- PVT:
-
Paraventricular thalamic nucleus
- PSTN:
-
Parasubthalamic nucleus
- PSV:
-
Principal sensory nucleus of the trigeminal
- RE:
-
Nucleus reuniens
- RH:
-
Rhomboid nucleus
- RM:
-
Nucleus raphe magnus
- SC:
-
Superior colliculus
- SI:
-
Substantia innominate
- sm:
-
Stria medullaris
- SN:
-
Substantia nigra
- SO:
-
Supraoptic nucleus
- SPVI:
-
Spinal nucleus of the trigeminal, interpolar part
- st:
-
Stria terminalis
- STN:
-
Subthalamic nucleus
- SUM:
-
Supramammillary nucleus
- Sup:
-
Supraoptic commissures
- TU:
-
Tuberal nucleus
- V:
-
Motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve
- VII:
-
Facial nucleus
- vlah:
-
Ventrolateral amygdalo-hypothalamic pathway
- vlt:
-
Ventrolateral hypothalamic tract
- VMH:
-
Ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus
- VP:
-
Ventral pallidum
- VTA:
-
Ventral tegmental area
- ZI:
-
Zona incerta
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Region Franche-Comté, France. Authors wish to thank C. Houdayer and G. Franchi for technical assistances.
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Barbier, M., Chometton, S., Peterschmitt, Y. et al. Parasubthalamic and calbindin nuclei in the posterior lateral hypothalamus are the major hypothalamic targets for projections from the central and anterior basomedial nuclei of the amygdala. Brain Struct Funct 222, 2961–2991 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-017-1379-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-017-1379-1