Abstract
Functional connections between brain regions constitute the substrate of the human functional connectome, whose topography has been discussed as an endophenotype for psychiatric disorders. Genetic influences on the entire connectome, however, have been rarely investigated so far. We tested for connectome-wide influences of the val158met (rs4860) polymorphism on the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene by applying formal network analysis and eigenvector centrality mapping on the voxel level to resting-state functional magnetic imaging data. This approach finds brain regions that are central in the network by aggregating local and global connectivity patterns, most importantly without the requirement to select regions or networks of interest. The COMT variant linked to high enzyme activity increased network centrality in distributed brain areas that are known to constitute the brain’s default mode network. Further results also indicated a COMT influence on areas implicated in the somatomotor network. These findings are in line with the polymorphism’s alleged role in cognitive processing and its role in psychotic disorders. The study is the first to demonstrate the influence of a functional and behaviorally relevant genetic variant on connectome-wide functional connectivity and is an important step toward establishing the functional connectome as an endophenotype for psychiatric and behavioral phenotypes.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Andrews-Hanna JR (2012) The brain’s default network and its adaptive role in internal mentation. Neuroscientist 18(3):251–270
Andrews-Hanna JR, Reidler JS, Sepulcre J, Poulin R, Buckner RL (2010) Functional-anatomic fractionation of the brain’s default network. Neuron 65(4):550–562
Andrews-Hanna JR, Smallwood J, Spreng RN (2014) The default network and self-generated thought: component processes, dynamic control, and clinical relevance. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1316:29–52
Barber AD, Srinivasan P, Joel SE, Caffo BS, Pekar JJ, Mostofsky SH (2012) Motor “dexterity”? Evidence that left hemisphere lateralization of motor circuit connectivity is associated with better motor performance in children. Cereb Cortex 22(1):51–59
Barnett JH, Jones PB, Robbins TW, Müller U (2007) Effects of the catechol-O-methyltransferase Val158 Met polymorphism on executive function: a meta-analysis of the wisconsin card sort test in schizophrenia and healthy controls. Mol Psychiatr 12(5):502–509
Beckmann CF, DeLuca M, Devlin JT, Smith SM (2005) Investigations into resting-state connectivity using independent component analysis. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 360(1457):1001–1013
Biswal B, Zerrin Yetkin F, Haughton VM, Hyde JS (1995) Functional connectivity in the motor cortex of resting human brain using echo-planar mri. Magn Reson Med 34(4):537–541
Bluhm RL, Miller J, Lanius RA, Osuch EA, Boksman K, Neufeld RW, Williamson PC (2009) Retrosplenial cortex connectivity in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 174(1):17–23
Buckner RL, Petersen SE, Ojemann JG, Miezin FM, Squire LR, Raichle ME (1995) Functional anatomical studies of explicit and implicit memory retrieval tasks. J Neurosci 15(1):12–29
Buckner RL, Andrews-Hanna JR, Schacter DL (2008) The brain’s default network. Ann NY Acad Sci 1124(1):1–38
Bushnell MC, Duncan GH, Hofbauer RK, Ha B, Chen JI, Carrier B (1999) Pain perception: is there a role for primary somatosensory cortex? PNAS 96(14):7705–7709
Castellanos FX, Di Martino A, Craddock RC, Mehta AD, Milham MP (2013) Clinical applications of the functional connectome. Neuro Image 80:527–540
Chen J, Lipska BK, Halim N, Ma QD, Matsumoto M, Melhem S, Weinberger DR (2004a) Functional analysis of genetic variation in catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT): effects on mRNA, protein, and enzyme activity in postmortem human brain. Am J Hum Genet 75(5):807–821
Chen X, Wang X, O’Neill AF, Walsh D, Kendler KS (2004b) Variants in the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene are associated with schizophrenia in Irish high-density families. Mol Psychiatr 9(10):962–967
Damoiseaux JS, Rombouts SARB, Barkhof F, Scheltens P, Stam CJ, Smith SM, Beckmann CF (2006) Consistent resting-state networks across healthy subjects. PNAS 103(37):13848–13853
De Luca M, Beckmann CF, De Stefano N, Matthews PM, Smith SM (2006) fMRI resting state networks define distinct modes of long-distance interactions in the human brain. Neuro Image 29(4):1359–1367
Diamond A, Briand L, Fossella J, Gehlbach L (2004) Genetic and neurochemical modulation of prefrontal cognitive functions in children. Am J Psychiatr 161(1):125–132
Diatchenko L, Nackley AG, Slade GD, Bhalang K, Belfer I, Max MB, Maixner W (2006) Catechol-O-methyltransferase gene polymorphisms are associated with multiple pain-evoking stimuli. Pain 125(3):216–224
Docherty AR, Sponheim SR (2008) Anhedonia as a phenotype for the Val158Met COMT polymorphism in relatives of patients with schizophrenia. J Abnorm Psychol 117(4):788
Domschke K, Freitag CM, Kuhlenbäumer G, Schirmacher A, Sand P, Nyhuis P, Deckert J (2004) Association of the functional V158M catechol-O-methyl-transferase polymorphism with panic disorder in women. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 7(02):183–188
Domschke K, Deckert J, O’Donovan MC, Glatt SJ (2007) Meta-analysis of COMT val158met in panic disorder: ethnic heterogeneity and gender specificity. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 144(5):667–673
Dosenbach NUF, Fair DA, Miezin FM, Cohen AL, Wenger KK, Dosenbach RAT et al (2007) Distinct brain networks for adaptive and stable task control in humans. PNAS 104(26):11073–11078
Egan MF, Goldberg TE, Kolachana BS, Callicott JH, Mazzanti CM, Straub RE, Weinberger DR (2001) Effect of COMT Val108/158 Met genotype on frontal lobe function and risk for schizophrenia. PNAS 98(12):6917–6922
Enoch MA, Xu K, Ferro E, Harris CR, Goldman D (2003) Genetic origins of anxiety in women: a role for a functional catechol-O-methyltransferase polymorphism. Psychiatr Gen 13(1):33–41
Filippini N, MacIntosh BJ, Hough MG, Goodwin GM, Frisoni GB, Smith SM, Mackay CE (2009) Distinct patterns of brain activity in young carriers of the APOE-ε4 allele. PNAS 106(17):7209–7214
Forman SD, Cohen JD, Fitzgerald M, Eddy WF, Mintun MA, Noll DC (1995) Improved assessment of significant activation in functional Magn Res Im (fMRI): use of a cluster-size threshold. Magn Reson Med 33(5):636–647
Fornito A, Zalesky A, Bassett DS, Meunier D, Ellison-Wright I, Yücel M, Wood SJ, Shaw K, O’Connor J, Nertney D, Mowry BJ, Pantelis C, Bullmore ET (2011) Genetic influences on cost-efficient organization of human cortical functional networks. J Neurosci 31(9):3261–3270
Fornito A, Zalesky A, Breakspear M (2013) Graph analysis of the human connectome: promise, progress, and pitfalls. Neuro Image 80:426–444
Fox MD, Raichle ME (2007) Spontaneous fluctuations in brain activity observed with functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Nat Rev Neurosci 8(9):700–711
Fransson P, Skiöld B, Horsch S, Nordell A, Blennow M, Lagercrantz H, Åden U (2007) Resting-state networks in the infant brain. PNAS 104(39):15531–15536
Fukunaga M, Horovitz SG, van Gelderen P, de Zwart JA, Jansma JM, Ikonomidou VN et al (2006) Large-amplitude, spatially correlated fluctuations in BOLD fMRI signals during extended rest and early sleep stages. Magn Res Im 24(8):979–992
Glahn DC, Winkler AM, Kochunov P, Almasy L, Duggirala R, Carless MA, Blangero J (2010) Genetic control over the resting brain. PNAS 107(3):1223–1228
Glatt SJ, Faraone SV, Tsuang MT (2003) Association between a functional catechol O-methyltransferase gene polymorphism and schizophrenia: meta-analysis of case-control and family-based studies. Am J Psychiatr 160(3):469–476
Goldman D, Oroszi G, Ducci F (2005) The genetics of addictions: uncovering the genes. Nat Rev Gen 6(7):521–532
Greicius MD, Krasnow B, Reiss AL, Menon V (2003) Functional connectivity in the resting brain: a network analysis of the default mode hypothesis. PNAS 100(1):253–258
Greicius MD, Kiviniemi V, Tervonen O, Vainionpää V, Alahuhta S, Reiss AL, Menon V (2008) Persistent default-mode network connectivity during light sedation. Hum Brain Mapp 29(7):839–847
Hayasaka S (2013) Functional connectivity networks with and without global signal correction. Front Hum Neurosci 7:880
Hong J, Shu-Leong H, Tao X, Lap-Ping Y (1998) Distribution of catechol-O-methyltransferase expression in human central nervous system. Neuro Report 9(12):2861–2864
Horn A, Ostwald D, Reisert M, Blankenburg F (2014) The structural–functional connectome and the default mode network of the human brain. Neuro Image 102:142–151
Joyce KE, Laurienti PJ, Burdette JH, Hayasaka S (2010) A new measure of centrality for brain networks. PLoS One 5(8):e12200
Karayiorgou M, Sobin C, Blundell ML, Galke BL, Malinova L, Goldberg P, Gogos JA (1999) Family-based association studies support a sexually dimorphic effect of COMT and MAOA on genetic susceptibility to obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatr 45(9):1178–1189
Keller CJ, Bickel S, Honey CJ, Groppe DM, Entz L, Craddock RC et al (2013) Neurophysiological investigation of spontaneous correlated and anticorrelated fluctuations of the BOLD signal. J Neurosci 33(15):6333–6342
Lachman HM, Papolos DF, Saito T, Yu YM, Szumlanski CL, Weinshilboum RM (1996) Human catechol-O-methyltransferase pharmacogenetics: description of a functional polymorphism and its potential application to neuropsychiatric disorders. Pharmacogenet Genomics 6(3):243–250
Liu B, Song M, Li J, Liu Y, Li K, Yu C, Jiang T (2010) Prefrontal-related functional connectivities within the default network are modulated by COMT val158met in healthy young adults. J Neurosci 30(1):64–69
Lohmann G, Margulies DS, Horstmann A, Pleger B, Lepsien J, Goldhahn D, Turner R (2010) Eigenvector centrality mapping for analyzing connectivity patterns in fMRI data of the human brain. PLoS One 5(4):e10232
Mars RB, Jbabdi S, Sallet J, O’Reilly JX, Croxson PL, Olivier E, Rushworth MF (2011) Diffusion-weighted imaging tractography-based parcellation of the human parietal cortex and comparison with human and macaque resting-state functional connectivity. J Neurosci 31(11):4087–4100
Mattay VS, Goldberg TE, Fera F, Hariri AR, Tessitore A, Egan MF, Weinberger DR (2003) Catechol O-methyltransferase val158-met genotype and individual variation in the brain response to amphetamine. PNAS 100(10):6186–6191
Meyer BM, Huemer J, Rabl U, Boubela RN, Kalcher K, Berger A, et al (2014) Oppositional COMT Val158Met effects on resting state functional connectivity in adolescents and adults. Br Struc Func
Meyer-Lindenberg A, Weinberger DR (2006) Intermediate phenotypes and genetic mechanisms of psychiatric disorders. Nat Rev Neurosci 7(10):818–827
Meyer-Lindenberg A, Kohn PD, Kolachana B (2005) Midbrain dopamine and prefrontal function in humans: interaction and modulation by COMT genotype. Nat Neurosci 8:594–596
Meyer-Lindenberg A, Nichols T, Callicott JH, Ding J, Kolachana B, Buckholtz J, Weinberger DR (2006) Impact of complex genetic variation in COMT on human brain function. Mol Psychiatr 11(9):867–877
Mier D, Kirsch P, Meyer-Lindenberg A (2010) Neural substrates of pleiotropic action of genetic variation in COMT: a meta-analysis. Mol Psychiatr 15(9):918–927. doi:10.1038/mp.2009.36
Montag C, Buckholtz JW, Hartmann P, Merz M, Burk C, Hennig J, Reuter M (2008) COMT genetic variation affects fear processing: psychophysiological evidence. Behav Neurosci 122(4):901
Montag C, Jurkiewicz M, Reuter M (2012) The role of the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene in personality and related psychopathological disorders. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 11(3):236–250
Murphy K, Birn RM, Handwerker DA, Jones TB, Bandettini PA (2009) The impact of global signal regression on resting state correlations: are anti-correlated networks introduced? NeuroImage 44(3):893–905. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.09.036
Olsson CA, Anney RJ, Lotfi-Miri M, Byrnes GB, Williamson R, Patton GC (2005) Association between the COMT Val158Met polymorphism and propensity to anxiety in an Australian population-based longitudinal study of adolescent health. Psychiatr Gen 15(2):109–115
Park CH, Chang WH, Ohn SH, Kim ST, Bang OY, Pascual-Leone A, Kim YH (2011) Longitudinal changes of resting-state functional connectivity during motor recovery after stroke. Stroke 42(5):1357–1362
Pooley EC, Fineberg N, Harrison PJ (2007) The met158 allele of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) is associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder in men: case–control study and meta-analysis. Mol Psychiatr 12(6):556–561
Power JD, Schlaggar BL, Lessov-Schlaggar CN, Petersen SE (2013) Evidence for hubs in human functional brain networks. Neuron 79(4):798–813
Raichle ME (2011) The restless brain. Brain Connect 1(1):3–12
Rakvåg TT, Klepstad P, Baar C, Kvam TM, Dale O, Kaasa S, Skorpen F (2005) The Val158Met polymorphism of the human catechol-O- methyltransferase (COMT) gene may influence morphine requirements in cancer pain patients. Pain 116(1):73–78
Reuter M, Hennig J (2005) Association of the functional catechol-O-methyltransferase VAL158MET polymorphism with the personality trait of extraversion. Neuro Report 16(10):1135–1138
Reuter M, Peters K, Schroeter K, Koebke W, Lenardon D, Bloch B, Hennig J (2005) The influence of the dopaminergic system on cognitive functioning: a molecular genetic approach. Behav Brain Res 164(1):93–99
Reuter M, Frenzel C, Walter NT, Markett S, Montag C (2011) Investigating the genetic basis of altruism: the role of the COMT Val158Met polymorphism. Soc Cog Aff Neurosci 6(5):662–668
Riedl V, Valet M, Wöller A, Sorg C, Vogel D, Sprenger T, Tölle TR (2011) Repeated pain induces adaptations of intrinsic brain activity to reflect past and predict future pain. Neuro Image 57(1):206–213
Rotarska-Jagiela A, van de Ven V, Oertel-Knöchel V, Uhlhaas PJ, Vogeley K, Linden DE (2010) Resting-state functional network correlates of psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 117(1):21–30
Sambataro F, Reed JD, Murty VP, Das S, Tan HY, Callicott JH et al (2009) Catechol-O-methyltransferase valine. Biol Psychi 66(6):540–548
Satterthwaite TD, Elliott MA, Gerraty RT, Ruparel K, Loughead J, Calkins ME, Wolf DH (2013) An improved framework for confound regression and filtering for control of motion artifact in the preprocessing of resting-state functional connectivity data. NeuroImage 64:240–256. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.08.052
Schürhoff F, Szöke A, Chevalier F, Roy I, Méary A, Bellivier F, Leboyer M (2007) Schizotypal dimensions: an intermediate phenotype associated with the COMT high activity allele. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 144(1):64–68
Seghier ML (2013) The angular gyrus: multiple functions and multiple subdivisions. Neuroscientist 19(1):43–61
Shehzad Z, Kelly AMC, Reiss PT, Gee DG, Gotimer K, Uddin LQ et al (2009) The resting brain: unconstrained yet reliable. Cereb Cortex 19(10):2209–2229
Shulman GL, Fiez JA, Corbetta M, Buckner RL, Miezin FM, Raichle ME, Petersen SE (1997) Common blood flow changes across visual tasks: II. Decreases in cerebral cortex. J Cogn Neurosci 9(5):648–663
Smith SM, Fox PT, Miller KL, Glahn DC, Fox PM, Mackay CE et al (2009) Correspondence of the brain’s functional architecture during activation and rest. PNAS USA 106(31):13040–13045
Sporns O, Tononi G, Kötter R (2005) The human connectome: a structural description of the human brain. PLoS Comp Biol 1(4):e42
Sylvester CM, Corbetta M, Raichle ME, Rodebaugh TL, Schlaggar BL, Sheline YI et al (2012) Functional network dysfunction in anxiety and anxiety disorders. Trends Neurosci 35(9):527–535
Tan HY, Sust S, Buckholtz J, Mattay V, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Egan M, Callicott J (2006) Dysfunctional prefrontal regional specialization and compensation in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatray 163(11):1969–1977
Tan HY, Chen Q, Goldberg TE, Mattay VS, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Weinberger DR, Callicott JH (2007) Catechol-O-methyltransferase Val158Met modulation of prefrontal parietal striatal brain systems during arithmetic and temporal transformations in working memory. J Neurosci 27(49):13393–13401
Thomason ME, Dennis EL, Joshi AA, Joshi SH, Dinov ID, Chang C, Gotlib IH (2011) Resting-state fMRI can reliably map neural networks in children. NeuroImage 55(1):165–175. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.11.080
Thomason ME, Dassanayake MT, Shen S, Katkuri Y, Alexis M, Anderson AL, Romero R (2013) Cross-hemispheric functional connectivity in the human fetal brain. Sci Trans Med 5(173):173ra24
Thompson PM, Ge T, Glahn DC, Jahanshad N, Nichols TE (2013) Genetics of the connectome. Neuro Image 80:475–488
Tian T, Qin W, Liu B, Wang D, Wang J, Jiang T, Yu C (2013) Catechol-O-methyltransferase Val158Met polymorphism modulates gray matter volume and functional connectivity of the default mode network. PLoS One 8(10):e78697. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0078697
Trachtenberg AJ, Filippini N, Ebmeier KP, Smith SM, Karpe F, Mackay CE (2012) The effects of APOE on the functional architecture of the resting brain. Neuro Image 59(1):565–572
Tunbridge EM, Bannerman DM, Sharp T, Harrison PJ (2004) Catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibition improves set-shifting performance and elevates stimulated dopamine release in the rat prefrontal cortex. J Neurosci 24(23):5331–5335
Tunbridge EM, Harrison PJ, Weinberger DR (2006) Catechol- O-Methyltransferase, cognition, and psychosis: val158Met and beyond. Biol Psychiatr 60(2):141–151
Tunbridge EM, Farrell SM, Harrison PJ, Mackay CE (2013) Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) influences the connectivity of the prefrontal cortex at rest. Neuro Image 68:49–54
Vahdat S, Darainy M, Milner TE, Ostry DJ (2011) Functionally specific changes in resting-state sensorimotor networks after motor learning. J Neurosci 31(47):16907–16915
Vaidya CJ, Gordon EM (2013) Phenotypic variability in resting-state functional connectivity: current status. Brain Connect 3(2):99–120
Van Albada SJ, Robinson PA (2007) Transformation of arbitrary distributions to the normal distribution with application to EEG test–retest reliability. J Neurosci Methods 161(2):205–211
van den Heuvel MP, van Soelen IL, Stam CJ, Kahn RS, Boomsma DI, Hulshoff Pol HE (2013) Genetic control of functional brain network efficiency in children. Euro Neuro 23(1):19–23
Vincent JL, Patel GH, Fox MD, Snyder AZ, Baker JT, Van Essen DC et al (2007) Intrinsic functional architecture in the anaesthetized monkey brain. Nature 447(7140):83–86
Whitfield-Gabrieli S, Thermenos HW, Milanovic S, Tsuang MT, Faraone SV, McCarley RW et al (2009) Hyperactivity and hyperconnectivity of the default network in schizophrenia and in first-degree relatives of persons with schizophrenia. PNAS 106(4):1279–1284
Wink AM, de Munck JC, van der Werf YD, van den Heuvel OA, Barkhof F (2012) Fast eigenvector centrality mapping of voxel-wise connectivity in functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging: implementation, validation, and interpretation. Brain Connect 2(5):265–274
Woo JM, Yoon KS, Choi YH, Oh KS, Lee YS, Yu BH (2004) The association between panic disorder and the L/L genotype of catechol-O-methyltransferase. J Psychiatr Res 38(4):365–370
Wu T, Wang L, Chen Y, Zhao C, Li K, Chan P (2009) Changes of functional connectivity of the motor network in the resting state in Parkinson’s disease. Neurosci Lett 460(1):6–10
Wu G-R, Stramaglia S, Chen H, Liao W, Marinazzo D (2013) Mapping the voxel-wise effective connectome in resting state FMRI. PloS One 8(9):e73670. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0073670
Yan C-G, Zang Y-F (2010) DPARSF: a MATLAB toolbox for “pipeline” data analysis of resting-state fMRI. Front Syst Neurosci 4:13. doi:10.3389/fnsys.2010.00013
Zubieta JK, Heitzeg MM, Smith YR, Bueller JA, Xu K, Xu Y, Goldman D (2003) COMT val158met genotype affects µ-opioid neurotransmitter responses to a pain stressor. Science 299(5610):1240–1243
Zuo XN, Ehmke R, Mennes M, Imperati D, Castellanos FX, Sporns O, Milham MP (2012) Network centrality in the human functional connectome. Cereb Cortex 22(8):1862–1875
Acknowledgments
This work was funded by grants by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) to Christian Montag (MO-2363/2-1, MO-2363/3-1) and Bernd Weber (Heisenberg-Grant WE 4427/3-1).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
S. Markett and C. Montag share the first authorship.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Markett, S., Montag, C., Heeren, B. et al. Voxelwise eigenvector centrality mapping of the human functional connectome reveals an influence of the catechol-O-methyltransferase val158met polymorphism on the default mode and somatomotor network. Brain Struct Funct 221, 2755–2765 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-015-1069-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-015-1069-9